Exam 1

Question 1

growth

Answer 1

quantitative increase in size or magnitude of body as a whole

Question 2

maturation

Answer 2

continues to have a functional change from childhood to adulthood

Question 3

development

Answer 3

a continuous process of change in functional capacity (before and after bell curve)

Question 4

4 domains of human development

Answer 4

affective
cognitive
motor
physical
domains are not discrete

Question 5

affective

Answer 5

social, emotional

Question 6

cognitive

Answer 6

intellect

Question 7

motor

Answer 7

development of movement

Question 8

physical

Answer 8

physical/bodily change

Question 9

constraints

Answer 9

individual
environmental
task

Question 10

individual constraints

Answer 10

structural: shape, weight
functional: motivation, memory

Question 11

environmental constraints

Answer 11

physical: climate, availability
sociocultural: social norms, stereotypes

Question 12

task

Answer 12

goals, rules, equipment

(activity specific)`

Question 13

elements of development

Answer 13

qualitative
sequential
cumulative
directional
multifactorial
individual

Question 14

qualitative

Answer 14

technique

Question 15

sequential

Answer 15

stepping stones (different skills in a set order)

Question 16

cumulative

Answer 16

complete one step before another (progression of same skill)

Question 17

directional

Answer 17

ultimate goal

Question 18

multifactorial

Answer 18

all of the other factors

Question 19

individual

Answer 19

structure, function

Question 20

developmental

Answer 20

fosters organic and skill development

ex: ladders, chinup bar, climbing poles

Question 21

non-developmental

Answer 21

does not necessarily foster skill; does not contribute to physical objectives
ex: slides, swings

Question 22

cephalocaudal

Answer 22

growth and motor control proceed from head to foot

Question 23

proximodistal

Answer 23

growth and motor control proceed from the trunk to the extremeties

Question 24

maturation

Answer 24

tempo: pace
timing: when it starts

Question 25

differentiation

Answer 25

progression from gross, immature movement to precise, well-controlled, intentional movement

Question 26

integration

Answer 26

motor systems are able to function together as ability progresses

Question 27

phylogenetic behavior

Answer 27

not influenced by learning and environment

Question 28

ontogenetic behavior

Answer 28

influenced by learning and environment

Question 29

ossification

Answer 29

formation of bones

Question 30

osteoblasts

Answer 30

bone builders

Question 31

osteoclasts

Answer 31

breaks down bone (takes calcium out of to the bloodstream)

Question 32

osteogenesis

Answer 32

starts at 2nd month fetal age

Question 33

intramembranous ossification

Answer 33

between membranes flat bones: ribs skull flat bones form first blood is delivered for cells to differentiate in mesenchyme to osteocytes

Question 34

endochondral ossification

Answer 34

within cartilage long bones, short bones, irregular bones most of the skeleton is made of cartilage in a fetus a transition from cartilage to bone occurs osteoblasts and osteoclasts replace hyaline cartilage cells and ossification begins

Question 35

spongy bone

Answer 35

medullary cavity, flat bones, ends of round bones

Question 36

compact bone

Answer 36

outside of bones just below periosteum diaphysis of long and short bones

Question 37

secondary ossification centers

Answer 37

after birth within epiphyses at ends of long, short, irregular bones spongy bone forms in epiphyses, compact bone between two spongy bone is growth plate contributes to length cartilage frame, calcified chondrocytes, osteblasts turn them into osteocytes at diaphysis

Question 38

growth plate/epiphyseal disks/epiphysial line

Answer 38

place where chondrocytes are being formed (new bone growth)

Question 39

metaphysis

Answer 39

newest bone adding length to long bone

Question 40

pressure epiphyses

Answer 40

region of the long bone that forms the joint | assist in transmitting weight

Question 41

traction epiphysis

Answer 41

contributes to bone shape but not longitudinal growth | place of attachment of tendons and ligaments

Question 42

modeling

Answer 42

reshaping of bone by independent action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts growth in size or repair metaphyseal region must decrease in diameter as bone increases in length osteoclastic activity to narrow so bone can get longer

Question 43

remodeling

Answer 43

action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts are coupled and bone reabsorption and formation occur at the same spot on a bone surface maintaining current amount of bone

Question 44

cessation of bone growth

Answer 44

rate of proliferation slows and ossification proceeds at a faster pace at metaphysis ossification of the diaphysis reaches the epiphysis and they fuse so that no further increase in length can occur

Question 45

growth contribution

Answer 45

the percent of growth varies according to whether the growth plate is located proximally or distally: where the load is usage defined, load dependent both quantity and quality

Question 46

skeletal age

Answer 46

a measure of how far along the bones are in their course of development as recorded by xray atlas of standards: people of the same population to compare stage of growth

Question 47

general growth pattern

Answer 47

s shaped growth curve rapid gain in infancy and early childhood steady gain in middle/late childhood adolescent growth spurt slow increase until growth ceases with the attainment of adult stature

Question 48

sex differences in growth

Answer 48

girls level off sooner and gain less mass | differentiation of fiber types: males have more power cells, girls have more type 1 than type 2 among girls

Question 49

exercise and skeletal health

Answer 49

exercise increases bone density | inactivity is related to bone decalcification