Exam 1

Question 0

What is osteology?

Answer 0

the study of bone

Question 1

What are the four tissues of the human body?

Answer 1

epithelial, muscle, neural, & connective tissues

Question 2

What are the three primary cell types of bone?

Answer 2

osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

Question 3

What is the function of each type of bone cell?

Answer 3

osteoblast–to form bone
osteocyte–maintain or nurture bone
osteoclast–remodel bone

Question 4

What are the bone cells embedded in?

Answer 4

an amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals

Question 5

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

Answer 5

glycosaminoglycans

Question 6

What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?

Answer 6

chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates, and hyaluronic acid

Question 7

What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

Answer 7

collagen type 1

Question 8

What is the primary constituents of the bone mineral?

Answer 8

calcium, phosphate, citrate, and carbonate ions

Question 9

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

Answer 9

hydroxyapatite

Question 10

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

Answer 10

sodium, magnesium, flouride, lead, strontium, & radium

Question 11

What is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone?

Answer 11

living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress

Question 12

What are the three responses of bone which allow it to be described as “living”?

Answer 12

it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors, and to age

Question 13

What is bone the embryological derivative of?

Answer 13

mesenchyme or cartilage

Question 14

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

Answer 14

intramembranous ossification

Question 15

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

Answer 15

from the second to third month in utero

Question 16

What bones are derived from intramembranous ossification?

Answer 16

the nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, frontal, parietal, most of the mandible and clavicle, the squama of the temporal and occipital bones & the greater wing of the sphenoid

Question 17

Which bones of the neurocranium are formed by intramembranous ossification?

Answer 17

the frontal, parietal, squama of the temporal and occipital bones & greater wing of the sphenoid

Question 18

Which bones of the splanchnocranium are formed by intramembranous ossification?

Answer 18

the nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, & part of the mandible

Question 19

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 19

endochondral ossification

Question 20

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 20

from the second to fifth month in utero

Question 21

What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?

Answer 21

chondrocranium

Question 22

What bones are formed from the chondrocranium?

Answer 22

the inferior nasal concha, ethmoid, and the remainder of the mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones

Question 23

Which bones of the splanchnocranium are derived from cartilage?

Answer 23

the inferior nasal concha and part of the mandible

Question 24

Which bones of the neurocranium are derived from cartilage?

Answer 24

the ethmoid, and parts of the sphenoid, temporal & occipital bones

Question 25

Which bones of the neurocranium are derived from cartilage?

Answer 25

the ethmoid, and parts of the sphenoid, temporal & occipital bone

Question 26

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 26

the mandible, sphenoid, temporal & occipital bones

Question 27

What bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 27

the clavicle

Question 28

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

Answer 28

primary centers of ossification appear before birth | secondary centers of ossification appear after birth

Question 29

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

Answer 29

cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecullar bone

Question 30

What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?

Answer 30

subchondral bone

Question 31

What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

Answer 31

the periosteum

Question 32

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

Answer 32

the endosteum

Question 33

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

Answer 33

gender variation (sexual dimorphism), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population-based variation (ethnic variation) and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)

Question 34

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 34

gender variation or sexual dimorphism

Question 35

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 35

ontogenetic variation

Question 36

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 36

geographic variation or population based variation

Question 37

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on the uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 37

idiosyncratic variation

Question 38

What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?

Answer 38

long ones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones and sesamoid bones

Question 39

What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in Spinal?

Answer 39

heterotropic and accessory bone

Question 40

What is the name given to bone formed in a non-based location?

Answer 40

heterotopic bone

Question 41

What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?

Answer 41

accessory bone