Exam 1 Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
Is the nucleus of origin motor or sensory in function
A
Motor
2
Q
Is the nuclei of termination motor or sensory in function
A
Sensory
3
Q
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
A
31
4
Q
What does the dura become after leaving CNS while surrounding nerves
A
Epineurium
5
Q
Are DRG’s associated with the anterior or posterior horn
A
Posterior
6
Q
What neurotransmitter do the somatic nerve fibers release at target? Is there is a ganglion before on the way to target?
A
ACH
No, straight from CNS to target
7
Q
Glands, Cardiac tissue, and smooth muscle are all examples of what part of the nervous system
A
Autonomic (Visceral)
8
Q
What vertebral levels would you find autonomic sympathetic fibers? Are there ganglion in the pathway? If so, where are they located?
A
T1-L2
Yes, they are right outside the CNS (sympathetic trunk)
9
Q
What neurotransmitters are released in the autonomic sympathetic nervous system
A
ACH at ganglion, Norepinephrine at target
10
Q
True or false; autonomic sacral splanchnic fibers are parasympathetic
A
False, they are sympathetic (“S” in Sacral for Sympathetic)
All of the sympathetic splanchnics are: Greater, Lesser, Least, and Sacral
11
Q
True or false; autonomic pelvic splanchnic fibers are parasympathetic
A
True, the “P” in pelvic for parasympathetic
12
Q
Where do autonomic parasympathetic fibers originate from? Are there ganglion in the pathway? If so, where are they located
A
From brain or S2-S4 (Pelvic splanchnics)
Yes, and close to the target organ
13
Q
What neurotransmitters are released in the autonomic parasympathetic system
A
ACH at ganglion and ACH at target
14
Q
True or false; the parasympathetic system supplies essentially the same organs as the sympathetic with fewer blood vessels
A
True
15
Q
True or False; lower motor neurons are primarily in the anterior horn
A
True
16
Q
Where do the typical first order neuron somatic sensory fibers lie in?
A
Dorsal root spinal ganglion
17
Q
Where do the typical second order neurons in the somatic sensory pathway travel and communicate with?
A
they decussate and go to thalamus
18
Q
Where do third order neurons relay information in the somatic sensory pathway
A
Cerebral cortex
19
Q
True or false, a thin layer or mucus covers the olfactory epithelium
A
True
20
Q
What kind of cell are olfactory neurons?
A
Bipolar
21
Q
How many central processes (axons) are there typically in olfactory pathway? Where do they convey information?
A
10 to 20
Olfactory bulbs
22
Q
True or false; olfactory neurons are myelinated?
A
False, they are covered in schwann cells
23
Q
Where is the first place olfactory neurons synapse?
A
After they pass through the cribiform plate they synapse on dendrites of mitral cells
24
Q
True or false; at olfactory neurons first synapse, synaptic glomeruli are formed
A
True
25
What are mitral cells associated with?
Olfaction
26
True or false; mitral cells send information posterior via the olfactory tract and splitting into the medial and lateral olfactory striae
True
27
Where do medial stria fibers run in olfactory pathway?
They cross midline via anterior commissure and travel to opposite olfactory bulb
28
True or false; Lateral stria fibers carry information to primary olfactory cortex?
True
29
The periamygdaloid and prepiroform area, including the uncus and broad man areas 34 and 28 are all part of what?
Primary olfactory cortex
30
True or false; in the olfactory pathway, there is a synapse in the thalamus
False
31
True or false; all sensory information in the cranial nerves travels through the thalamus except olfaction
True
32
What is anosmia
Loss of olfaction
33
Why is the vomernasal nerve important in animals? Is it important in humans?
It allows animals to track
| No, it isn't developed well in humans
34
True or false; CN 2 is afferent only?
True
35
True or false; the eyeball is composed of 4 layers
False, it is composed of 3
36
What are the 2 layers of the outermost layer of the eyeball called?
Sclera (white) and Cornea (clear)
37
Name the 3 parts of the middle layer of the eyeball
Ciliary body
Iris
Choroid
38
How many layers are there in the innermost layer of the eyeball?
10
39
How many types of cones are there in the eye?
3; red, green, and blue
40
Where do we have the clearest vision? What is more concentrated here?
Fovea centralis- more cones
41
True or False; there are no rods in fovea
True
42
The periphery of the retina is almost completely composed of what kind of cell?
Rods
43
When depolarized who do photoreceptors relay information to? Where is this?
Bipolar cells in outer plexiform layer
44
Where are bipolar cells in the CN 2 pathway typically found?
inner nuclear layer
45
In the CN 2 pathway, bipolar cells relay information to ganglion cells, the synapse occurs in what layer?
Inner plexiform layer
46
Where do the optic nerves enter the skull? What do they unite to form?
through optic canal
| optic chiasma
47
Are optic nerve axons myelinated
Yes
48
What cells for myelin?
Olegodendrocytes
49
What two muscles are influenced by the tectospinal tract
SCM and Trapezius
50
True or false; the optic tract travels around the cerebral peduncles and fibers synapse on one of 3 nuclei or termination
True
51
What the nuclei or termination for most fibers in the optic tract?
Lateral geniculate body
52
Optic tract fibers synapsing on the superior colliculus tells you what muscles will be influenced?
SCM and Trapezius because part of the tectospinal tract
53
What is the third nuclei or termination for the optic tract? What kind of reflexes are they associated with
Pretectal nucleus of the midbrain
| Fibers deal with light reflexes
54
True or false; you need both eyes functioning properly for good depth perception
True
55
True or False; CN 3 is only afferent in nature
False, it is only Efferent
56
CN 3 is a motor nerve supplying how many extra ocular muscles
5, CN 3 supplies all extra ocular muscles except superior oblique and lateral rectus
57
True or false; CN 3 carries both somatic and parasympathetic fibers
True
58
True or false; CN 3 nuclei are somatic nuclei of origin located in the periaqueductal gray of the midbrain
True
59
What part of the cerebral cortex sends axons to the oculomotor nuclei
Brodmann area 8
60
True or False; axons from the oculomotor nucleus do not travel through the red nucleus
False, they do
61
Where do nerve fibers exit the skull in the oculomotor pathway
Superior orbital fissure
62
True or False, once nerve fibers in the oculomotor pathway exit the SOF they split into a superior and inferior rami
True
63
True or false once the motor fibers of the oculomotor nerve exit the CNS they will be covered with myelin
True
64
What muscles are supplied by the superior ramus of the oculomotor nerve
Superior rectus and Levator palpabrae superiorus
65
What muscles are supplied by the inferior ramus of the oculomotor nerve
```
Inferior rectus (central branch)
Medial rectus (medial branch)
Inferior Oblique (lateral branch)
```
66
The accessory oculomotor nucleus (Edinger Westphal) contains what kind of neurons? Where do they synapse?
```
Preganglionic parasympathetic (autonomic)
After following oculomotor nerve, synapse on ciliary ganglion
```
67
What do post ganglionic parasympathetic axons of the oculomotor nucleus supply?
Ciliaris
| Pupillary constrictor
68
True or false opthalmic nerve fibers pass through the ciliary ganglion without synapsing
True
69
Where is the trochlear nucleus located? What is unique about the trochclear nerve's apparent origin
In periaqueductal gray of the midbrain (just like oculomotor nucleus)
It is unique because it is only CN with apparent origin posterior midbrain
70
What part of the cerebral cortex sends axons to the trochlear nucleus
Brodmann area 8
Superior colliculi
Median longitudinal fissure
71
After exiting CNS trochlear nerve curves around the brainstem and enters the orbit where?
Superior orbital fissure
72
True or false; the trochlear nerve has communication with the cavernous plexus (sympathetic fibers)
True
73
What connection is there between the name "trochlear" nerve and what it supplies
it supplies the superior oblique muscle (cheaters muscle) which has a pulley-like mechanism on the medial aspect of orbit
74
What CN nucleus is located on caudal part of pons, on the floor of the rhomboid fossa
CN VI the abducens
75
Where does the abducens nerve receive information from?
Brodmann area 8
Superior colliculi
Median longitudinal fissure
76
After penetrating the dura and traveling along the cavernous sinus where does the abducens nerve exit the skull
Superior orbital fissure
77
What is strabismus (internal and external)
Internal strabismus: eyes cross
| External strabismus: eyes are directed away from each other
78
What is diplopia
While making patient cover one eye and look at eye chart
| They report double vision (no way to prove, it is subjective; on word of patient)
79
What is Ptosis
Eyelid droops due to weakness of levator palpebrae superioris (oculomotor nerve lesion may be the cause)
80
What would you expect to see in a patient with oculomotor paralysis - external ophthalmoplegia
```
Diverging strabismus (eye cross)
Diplopia (double vision eye exam)
Ptosis (eyelid droop)
```
81
What would you expect to see in a patient with oculomotor paralysis - Internal ophthalmoplegia
Would involve inability to constrict pupil as well as loss of light and accommodation reflexes
82
What are some possible etiologies of oculomotor paralysis
aneurysms, or diabetes
83
Is trochlear nerve paralysis common? What are the symptoms?
```
No, it is rare
Internal strabismus (converging eyes), inability to look down (consequently trouble descending stairs)
```
84
Is abducens paralysis common? What are some symptoms?
```
yes, it is most common of the eye nerves
Internal strabismus (converging eyes), can't move eye laterally, Diplopia (double vision when eye exam)
```
85
True or False; the trigeminal nerve is a mixed nerve with many more sensory fibers than motor
True
86
What are the 3 nuclei or termination (sensory) associated with the trigeminal nerve
Main sensory nucleus
Spinal nucleus
Trigeminal mesencephalic (near midbrain)
87
What is the nucleus of origin for the trigeminal nerve
Trigeminal motor nucleus
88
What is the peripheral ganglion associated with the trigeminal nerve
Trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion
89
Cell bodies in the sensory pathway of the trigeminal are located where?
Trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion
| Peripheral processes from face travel to this ganglion
90
Where do central processes from the trigeminal ganglion go from the Trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion
They enter CNS go to main trigeminal nucleus (for touch, vibration, joint proprioception) or to the spinal nucleus (pain and temperature)
91
What spinal tracts are the central processes from the trigeminal ganglion to the main trigeminal nucleus or spinal nucleus akin to
The main trigeminal: are like gracilis and cunatus
| Spinal: like lateral spinal thalamic
92
What is the only pathway to have sensory cell bodies located in the CNS?
Mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal
93
Describe the pathway for fibers going to the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal
Dendrites travel from the periphery pass THROUGH the trigeminal nucleus and enter the CNS to the mesencephalic nucleus
94
What is unique about the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal
It is the only pathway in the body to have sensory fibers located IN the CNS
95
What is the only branch of the trigeminal to carry motor fibers?
Mandibular
| Motor fibers leave the CNS by traveling through the trigeminal nucleus with the mandibular branch
96
What are the 6 areas the mandibular (motor) branch of the trigeminal receives information from?
```
Cerebral cortex (both hemispheres)
Reticular formation
Red nucleus
Tectum
Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)
Mesencephalic nucleus (monosynaptic reflex)
```
97
Where is the apparent origin of the trigeminal nerve
lateral aspect of the pons
98
After the trigeminal nerve leaves the lateral aspect of the pons, it travels anterior ward and enters a pouch of dura called what?
Trigeminal (Meckel's) cave
99
Where do the 3 branches of the trigeminal come off?
In the Trigeminal (Meckel's) cave
100
Where does the opthalmic division of trigeminal enter the skull
Through the SOF just like CN III, IV, and VI
101
True or false; the opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve is a mixed nerve
False, it is only sensory in function
102
In addition to carrying sensation from skin over nose, forehead and scalp the opthalmic division of trigeminal carries sensation from where?
Mucous membranes in frontal and sphenoid sinuses and membrane covering nasal septum
103
What are the 4 branches given off the opthalmic division of trigeminal
Meningeal nerve, Lacrimal, Nasociliary and Frontal
Men Lack Nothing Familiar
104
What branch of the opthalmic division of the trigeminal is given off before entering the SOF? What does it supply
The meningeal branch
| Dura lining middle cranial fossa
105
What is the smallest branch of the opthalmic division of trigeminal? What does it supply?
Lacrimal
Lacrimal gland (sensory only)
*Also carries some parasympathetic fibers (secretory) originating from CN VII pterygopalatine ganglion
106
What is the largest branch of the opthalmic division of trigeminal? What does it branch into? What does it supply?
Frontal nerve
Supratrochlear nerve: sensation from medial corner of eye
Surpaorbital: sensation from conductive, upper eyelid and forehead-mucus membrane lining frontal sinus
107
What is the branch of the opthalmic division of trigeminal that branches 3 times and has two terminal branches? What are these branches?
nasociliary nerve
3 branches:
communicating branch to ciliary ganglion
Long ciliary nerve supplies the eyeball
Posterior ethmoid nerve-sensation from sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses
2 terminal branches:
Anterior ethmoid- supplying skin over nose mucus membrane anterior part nasal septum
Infrotrochlear-supplying medial corner of eye-includes lacrimal sac
108
True or False; the maxillary division of trigeminal is sensory only
True
109
Where does the maxillary division of trigeminal enter the pterygopalatine fossa?
foramen rotundum (round foramen)
110
What sensory function does the maxillary division of trigeminal supply?
skin between eyes and mouth, over cheeks and temples, mucosa lining the maxillary sinuses, nasal conchae, palate and gingiva
111
What are the 4 branches of the maxillary division of trigeminal?
Middle meningeal nerve, Zygomatic nerve, two or three ganglionic branches, and infraorbital nerve
112
What is the only branch of the maxillary division of trigeminal to branch off before exiting the round foramen? What does it supply?
middle meningeal nerve- meninges of the middle cranial fossa
113
What branch of the maxillary division of trigeminal has 3 branches supplying skin over the face? What are they? What do they supply?
Zygomatic nerve
Communicating branch-postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to pterygopalatine ganglion to lacrimal gland
zygomaticotemporal nerve- skin over the temple
zygomaticofacial nerve- skin over the cheek
114
What do the two or three ganglionic branches of the maxillary division of trigeminal supply?
sensory information from the upper pharynx, nasal cavity, and palate through the pterygopalatine ganglion (NO SYNAPSE) to maxillary division
115
What branch of the maxillary division of trigeminal gives off 3 branches that supply teeth? What are these branches called?
Infraorbital nerve
Anterior, Middle, and Posterior alveolar nerves
Infraorbital nerve also supplies lower eyelid and maxillary sinus
116
True or False; branches of the maxillary division of trigeminal distribute postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion
True
117
True or False; postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion pass through the pterygopalatine ganglion
True
118
Where does the mandibular division of the trigeminal exit the skull?
Foramen ovale
119
True or false; the mandibular division of trigeminal is a mixed nerve
True
120
What are the 4 muscles of mastication that the mandibular division of trigeminal supplies?
Masseter, Temporalis, Medial and Lateral pterygoid
121
The recurrent meningeal branch (nervous spinosum) is a branch of the mandibular division of trigeminal, what is unique about its course? What does it supply?
It branches off the mandibular division after V3 has left the skull, then the recurrent meningeal branch reenters the skull
Supplies dura of middle cranial fossa and anterior cranial fossa and calvarium
122
The medial pterygoid nerve, which is a branch of the mandibular division of trigeminal is the motor supply to what muscle? It gives rise to fibers that travel through where and supply what?
Supplies medial pterygoid muscle
Travels through Otic ganglion, supplies tensor veli palatine and tensor tympani
123
When the mandibular division of trigeminal divides into a anterior and posterior division are both divisions still mixed?
Not really, the anterior is predominantly motor and the posterior is predominantly sensory
124
The anterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal gives rise to what 4 nerves
Masseter nerve
Deep temporal nerve
Lateral pterygoid nerve
Buccal nerve
125
In addition to the masseter nerve (branch off of the anterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal) supplying motor information for the masseter muscle, what else does it supply?
sensory information from temporomandibular joint
126
True or False; the deep temporal nerve (a branch of the anterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal) gives off two branches each of which supply the temporalis muscle
True
127
True or false; the buccal nerve (a branch of the anterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal) is sensory only in function
True
128
What does the buccal nerve (a branch of the anterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal) supply/
Sensory from cheek (skin and mucosal) and buccal gingivae of molars
129
Which is bigger the anterior division or posterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal
Posterior division
130
What are the 3 nerves given off the posterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal?
Auriculotemporal nerve
Lingual nerve
Inferior alveolar
131
What are the 2 autonomic ganglia associated with the posterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal?
Submandibular ganglion
| Otic ganglion
132
True or false; the auriculotemporal nerve (a branch of posterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal) passes through parotid gland as it carries sensory info from skin of temple and ear
True
133
The auricotemporal nerve (a branch of the posterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal) carries some post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers from what ganglion?
Otic ganglion
134
The lingual nerve (a branch of the posterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal) combines with this branch of CN VII in the infra temporal fossa
Chorda tympani
135
True or false; the inferior alveolar nerve (a branch of the posterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal) is a mixed nerve
True
136
The inferior alveolar nerve (a branch of the posterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal) has two sensory branches, what are they? What do they supply?
Incisive branch and mental nerve
Incisive-supplies incisors, canines, and 1st pre-molars
Mental-labial gingivae adjacent incisors and skin of lower lip and chin
137
What do the motor fibers from the inferior alveolar nerve (a branch of the posterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal) supply?
Mylohyoid and ANTERIOR belly of digastric
138
The submandibular ganglion receives what kind of fibers from CN VII?
Pre-ganglionic fibers after lingual nerve combines with chorda tympani
139
The Otic ganglion sends fibers to where? What kind are they?
Post-ganglionic (parasympathetic) fibers to the parotid gland
140
What is Trigeminal neuralgia
Facial pain "described as worst pain of life"
