Exam 1

Question 0

The category of genetics that has to do with inheritance

Answer 0

Classical

Question 1

Categories of inheritance:

Answer 1

Classical
Molecular
Applied genetics

Question 2

The category of genetics that has to do with figuring out what it was and how it functions

Answer 2

Molecular

Question 3

The category of genetics that has to do with agriculture. Can be subdivided

Answer 3

Applied genetics

Question 4

The most fundamental level of inheritance is:

Answer 4

The cellular level

Question 5

Two types of cell division:

Answer 5

1. Mitosis

2. Meiosis

Question 6

A clonal process “sameness”. Mother cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells. Growth, repair.

Answer 6

Mitosis

Question 7

Promotes variation
Designed to promote success
Objective to succeed. Wide range of variation.
Genetics plasticity**

Answer 7

Meiosis

Question 8

Actual mitosis begins with ….

Answer 8

Prophase

Question 9

…. beginning of mitotic division

Answer 9

Replication

Question 10

Condensation begins; packaging method. Compact units.

Takes long DNA and packages it in compact that can move.

Answer 10

Prophase

Question 11

Spindle is establish- involves the centriole dividing and migrates to either end of cell. Migrates to opposite side and radiate spindle fibers.

Answer 11

Prophase.

Question 12

Last thing in prophase …

Answer 12

Nuclear membrane dissolves.

Question 13

Causes the alignment of chromosomes in straight line

Answer 13

Metaphase

Question 14

Sameness in :

Answer 14

-size
Shape
DNA content -total amt. present
Gene loci

Question 15

Shape is determined by…

Answer 15

Position of centromere

Question 16

Region of chromosome where copy and original are held together
Point of attachment for spindle fibers

Answer 16

Centromere

Question 17

Not same =

Answer 17

Alleles

Question 18

Late replication of centromere
Depolymerization of spindle fibers- drawn back to poles
Being pulled apart

Answer 18

Anaphase

Question 19

Reversal of prophase
De condensation/unravel
Reformation of nuclear membrane

Answer 19

Telophase

Question 20

In folding of plasma membrane
They meet in the middle and be come fused
Becomes 2 cells
Final event

Answer 20

Cytokinesis

Question 21

Meiosis has 2 sequential divisions

Answer 21

1. Reductional

2. Equational

Question 22

Chromosomal ploid is reduced from diploid to haploid

2n - n

Answer 22

Reductional - bulk

Question 23

Haploid to haploid

n -n

Answer 23

Equational

Question 24

5 subphases in prophase:

Answer 24

``` Leptonema Zygonema Pachynema Diplonema Diakinesis ```

Question 25

A set of condensation of (chromomeres )

Answer 25

Leptonema/ leptotene

Question 26

Beginning of synapsis

Answer 26

Zygonema

Question 27

When synapse is complete | Key event: crossing over occurs but not always - exchange b/n non sister chromatids

Answer 27

Pachynema

Question 28

Pairs homologs physically

Answer 28

Synapsis

Question 29

What holds sister chromatids together is..

Answer 29

Synaptonemal complex

Question 30

Synapsed pair is called a

Answer 30

Bivalent

Question 31

Key event: synapse is complete | Crossing over can occur b/n non sister chromatids

Answer 31

Pachynema

Question 32

Centromeric "repulsion" -not truly repulsion Begin to see chiasmata Seperation of homologs

Answer 32

Diplonema

Question 33

Key: terminalization of chiasmata / chasma Cross points pushed Maximum condensation

Answer 33

Diakinesis

Question 34

5 postulates from Mendel

Answer 34

1. Unit factor in pairs - occurs in pairs 2. One unit factor can be dominate to the other 3. In reproduction each parent contributes one and only one unit factor 4. Whichever unit factor contributes randomly determined - random segregation 5. Independent assortment of the alleles/unit factor of 1 locus relative to 2nd locus- random segregation occur at two independent loci simultaneously.

Question 35

Modifiers (2)

Answer 35

1. Expression allele- more than simple dominance | 2. Number of alleles- more than 2 alleles at a given locus

Question 36

``` How expressed (alleles) How alleles are expressed? ```

Answer 36

``` A. Codominance B. Epistasis C. Lethality D. Presence of multiallelic loci E. Environmental ```

Question 37

Alleles equally expressed (blending) | Both alleles expressed

Answer 37

Codominance

Question 38

Involves 2 or more independent loci | - the alleles of one locus will either mask or modify how the alleles of the second locus

Answer 38

Epistasis

Question 39

Lethality

Answer 39

? Refer to notes

Question 40

An example is ABO blood type | Refer to notes

Answer 40

Presence of multiallelic loci

Question 41

Expressed in a particular way always- refer to notes 1. External environment influence 2. Internal environmental change/influence- common factors-hormonal a. Sex influence - reversals of dominance in the sexes b. Sex limited more absolute/variation in the expression, limited to one sex.

Answer 41

Environmental

Question 42

Observation that one locus may influence multiple characters

Answer 42

Pleitropy

Question 43

Reproductive output

Answer 43

Fecundity

Question 44

The sudden reappearance of an ancestral phenotype

Answer 44

Atavism

Question 45

For each locus the following will be true:

Answer 45

1. Additive and non additive alleles 2. Each additive contributes equally 3. Phenotype is determined solely by the umber of additive alleles

Question 46

Types of linkage

Answer 46

Complete Incomplete De linked

Question 47

No crossing over b/n the loci (If no x-o then you get big with big and small with small) All parental

Answer 47

1. Complete linkage

Question 48

Crossing over occurs but only some of the time X-O occurs some of the time Parental > 50% Recombs. < 50%

Answer 48

2. Incomplete

Question 49

Crossing over occurs all the time 50% parentals and 50% recombs X-O all the time

Answer 49

De linked( no formal name)

Question 50

How many bacteria reproduce?

Answer 50

Binary fission

Question 51

The most successful organism and oldest

Answer 51

Bacteria

Question 52

Characteristics of bacteria:

Answer 52

1. Largely haploid-present in one copy only 2. Very rapid generation time 3. Form very large populations 4. Rely on mutations- sudden, random heritable change

Question 53

Consequences of mutations:

Answer 53

1. Neutral- doesn't change the function 2. Deleterious - bad( lethal) 3. Beneficial

Question 54

Bacterial recombination

Answer 54

Allows them to gain variation

Question 55

Uptake of free DNA

Answer 55

Transformation

Question 56

Virally mediated transfers

Answer 56

Transduction

Question 57

Viruses that target bacteria

Answer 57

Bacteriophage

Question 58

Two types of bacteriophage

Answer 58

1. Intemperate | 2. Temporate

Question 59

Lytic only

Answer 59

Intemperate

Question 60

Lyrics or lysogenic

Answer 60

Temperate

Question 61

Transduction is a ...

Answer 61

Virally mediated process | Requires a series of mistakes

Question 62

Types of transduction

Answer 62

1. Specialized 2. Generalized 3. Conjugation

Question 63

This type of transduction where prophage occurs at one place only -limited number of genes transferred

Answer 63

Specialized

Question 64

This type of transduction where prophage insertion is random | Where all genes have equal frequency of transfer.

Answer 64

Generalized

Question 65

Involves Genetic transfers from a donor bacterium to a recipient -found only in some bacteria

Answer 65

Conjugation

Question 66

Extra chromosomal DNA Sometimes called "mini chromosomes" Circular and double stranded

Answer 66

Plasmid

Question 67

Extra chromo | And autonomous

Answer 67

Plasmid ( again) | Mini chromosome

Question 68

Separate from main chromosome and replicate on their own schedule - independent

Answer 68

Autonomous

Question 69

Can occur as autonomous | Can also occur as integrated state - becomes part of the bacteria chromosome

Answer 69

Episome

Question 70

Partial diplody

Answer 70

Merozygous