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Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the main method used to screen for viruses in donor blood?

A

Nucleic Acid Testing

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1
Q

What viruses are screened for in donor blood?

A 
West Nile Virus
HIV
HCV
HTLV-1
HBV
Syphilis 
Trypanosoma cruzi
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2
Q

What are the three areas that are crucial for normal RBC function and 120 day survival?

A
  1. Normal composition and structure of membrane
  2. Hgb structure and function
  3. RBC metabolism
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3
Q

What type of metabolism does the RBC membrane perform?

A

Anaerobic

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4
Q

Normal hemoglobin consists of what chains?

A

Two alpha and two beta

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5
Q

What is the primary function of hemoglobin?

A

Primary function is oxygen delivery to tissues and carbon dioxide excretion

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6
Q

What is the most important control of hemoglobin affinity?

A

2,3-DPG

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7
Q

When 2,3-DPG is bound what form is the hemoglobin in and what happens to oxygen affinity?

A

Tense; decreases oxygen affinity

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8
Q

When 2,3-DPG is not bound, what state is hemoglobin in and what happens to oxygen affinity?

A

Relax; Increases oxygen affinity

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9
Q

What causes a right shift in the hemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

Increased 2,3-DPG
Increased temperature
Acidosis (decreased pH)

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10
Q

What causes a left shift in the hemoglobin dissociation curve?

A 
Alkalosis
Methemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin
Increased hemoglobin F
2,3-DPG depleted stored blood
Decreased temperature
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11
Q

Lesion of storage

A

Decrease in pH, buildup of lactic acid, decrease in glucose consumption, decrease in ATP, loss of RBC function, decrease in 2,3-DPG

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12
Q

What temperature should RBCs be stored at?

A

1-6 C

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13
Q

ACD; CPD, CP2D preservation days

A

21 days

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14
Q

CPDA-1 preservation days

A

35 days

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15
Q

Additive solutions (Adsol, Nutricel, Optisol) preservation days

A

42 days

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16
Q

Do additive solutions affect 2,3-DPG levels?

A

No

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17
Q

How do Polyvinyl chloride plastic bags help RBC storage?

A

Permeable to CO2 to maintain higher pH levels

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18
Q

What is the purpose of RBC freezing?

A

Used for autologous and rare blood types

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19
Q

What is added to RBCs when freezing?

A

Cryoprotective agent

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20
Q

What must be done to frozen RBCs before transfusing?

A

Deglycerolized

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21
Q

What antigens are present on platelets?

A

ABO antigens but not Rh

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22
Q

Platelet concentrate minimums

A

5.5*10^10
45-65 mL
pH 6.2

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23
Q

Platelet concentrate storage

A

5 days at 20-24 C

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24
Plateletpheresis minimum
3.0*10^11
25
What are the advantages of plateletpheresis over platelet concentrate?
One donor | Decreases platelet refractoriness
26
What happens to the following measurements during storage of RBCs: 1. pH 2. 2,3-DPG 3. ATP 4. Plasma K+
1. Decreases 2. Decreases 3. Decreases 4. Increases
27
Affinity
Strength of a single antibody-antigen bond
28
Avidity
Binding strength of multivalent antigen with antisera
29
Valency
Number of antigen-binding sites on an antibody molecule
30
Prozone
Antibody excess
31
Postzone
Antigen excess (correct with increased serum)
32
Zeta potential
Difference in electrostatic potential of net negative charge surrounding RBCs and positive charge of surrounding cations, allowing agglutination
33
Which antibodies are enhanced by enzymes?
Rh, Jk, P1, Le, I
34
Which antibodies are suppressed by enzymes?
Fy, M, N, S
35
Gene
Section of DNA along a chromosome which codes for a product
36
Locus
Specific location of a gene on a chromosome
37
Southern blotting
DNA
38
Northern blotting
RNA
39
Western blotting
Proteins
40
In PCR, what are the primers mixed with?
Target sequence, Taq DNA polymerase, dNTPs, magnesium
41
Nucleic acid testing enables us to....
Quantify DNA and is highly sensitive
42
What is the most important test in blood bank for the detection of clinically significant antibodies?
Anti globulin test
43
If the patient had a transfusion, what could be the two possible causes of a positive DAT?
Recipient alloantibody against donor antigen Donor antibody reacts against recipient antigen
44
Look up positive DATs
Drug induced Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria HDN
45
Causes for a false positive AHG test
``` Refrigeration Autoagglutinable cells Bacterial contamination Saline contamination Overcentrifugation Contaminating abs in AHG reagent ```
46
Causes for false negatives
``` Inadequate washing of cells AHG reagent nonreactive AHG reagent not added Inadequate incubation Undercentrifuged Poor reading ```
47
ABO Type I Chain
1 --> 3 linkage ; carry free floating antigens
48
ABO Type II chain
Beta 1--> 4 linkage; carry RBC bound antigens
49
Greatest amount of H
O > A2 > B > A2B > A1 > A1B
50
Which plant lectin agglutinates H antigen?
Ulex Europeaus
51
What is the most common blood group? What is the least common?
O; AB
52
When secretors add the H antigen, what is added onto the type I chain?
Fucose to the terminal galactose
53
What does the A gene code for?
N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sugar to the H substance
54
A1 cells lectin
Dolichose biflorus
55
A2 cell lectin
Ulex Europaeus
56
B gene codes for...
D-galactose sugar to the H substance
57
A1 has higher or lower concentrations of the enzyme
Higher
58
Acquired B phenomenon
A1 patients react with anti-B
59
What syndrome is characterized by intestinal obstruction, cancer increasing permeability of wall allowing passage of bacteria?
Acquired B phenomenon
60
Isoagglutinins
Weak or absent in hypogammaglobulinemia
61
What causes ABO discrepancies?
``` Inadequate identification Cell suspension too light or heavy Clerical Mix up in samples Missed hemolysis Failure to add reagents Contamination Warming during centrifugation ```
62
Group I Discrepancies
Unexpected reactions in the reverse groupings because of weakly reacting or missing antibodies due to depressed antibody production
63
Group 1 Discrepancies solution
Incubate reverse type 15-30 minutes
64
Group II Discrepancies
Associated with unexpected reactions in the forward groupings due to weakly reacting or missing antigens (acquired B phenomenon)
65
Group III Discrepancies
Between forward and reverse groupings caused by protein or plasma abnormalities that result in Rouleaux formation
66
Group IV Discrepancies
Cold reactive antibodies; circulating RBCs of more than one ABO group, Unexpected non-ABO alloantibodies; Unexpected ABO isoagglutinins
67
R
D
68
r
d
69
1 or '
C
70
2 or ''
E
71
0 or blank
ce
72
DCE
Rz
73
DCe
R1
74
DcE
R2
75
Dce
R0
76
dce
r
77
dCe
r'
78
dcE
r''
79
dCE
r^y
80
What is the most common Rh frequency in whites?
DCe/dce (R1r)
81
What is the most common Rh frequency in blacks?
Dce/dce (R0r)
82
Frequency of R1, R2, R0, r in whites?
R1 > r > R2 > R0
83
Frequency of R1, R2, R0, r in blacks?
R0 > r > R1 > R2

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