exam #1

Question 1

define life

Answer 1

the condition which distinguish animals, plant, fungi, protist and bacteria from inorganic objects and dead organisms

Question 2

characteristics of living systems

Answer 2

1. cellular organization2. ordered complexity3. response to stimuli4. growth through metabolism5. homeostasis6. development7. reproduction8. evolution

Question 3

how is the scientific method used to study living systems?

Answer 3

1. make observations2. hypothesis construction3. hypothesis testing4. data analysis5. conclusion6. repeat

Question 4

elements found in living systems

Answer 4

-C, O, H, N -Na, Cl, P, K, S, Fe, Mg - trace amounts

Question 5

covalent bonds

Answer 5

-strong bonds (single, double, triple)-occur when elements share electrons-form discrete molecules-occur WITHIN molecules

Question 6

hydrogen bonds

Answer 6

-weak association/weaker than covalent-easy to break and reform-involve 2 polar molecules-occur BETWEEN molecules

Question 7

ionic bonds

Answer 7

-opposite charges attract-compounds are electrically neutral -atoms not paired, but associate with all other opposite charges in the vicinity-water disrupts these bonds by separating the ions or dissolving the crystals

Question 8

non-polar

Answer 8

electrons shared equally

Question 9

polar

Answer 9

electrons spend more time in part of the molecule

Question 10

cohesive

Answer 10

attraction between water molecules

Question 11

adhesive

Answer 11

attraction with other polar molecules

Question 12

impact of temperature on the properties of water

Answer 12

-high specific heat-high heat of vaporization (vaporizes when all hydrogen bonds are broken)-low density of ice

Question 13

solution = – + –

Answer 13

solvent + solute

Question 14

substances that can form hydrogen bonds in water are those substances that can form hydrogen bonds with —

Answer 14

water

Question 15

can things that aren’t polar still dissolve?

Answer 15

yes, but they have to form hydrogen shells

Question 16

hydrophobic

Answer 16

water hating

Question 17

hydrophilic

Answer 17

water loving

Question 18

definition of a cell

Answer 18

smallest unit of life

Question 19

cell theory

Answer 19

1. organisms are composed of one or more cells2. cells are the smallest living thing3. cells arise from the division of a previously existing cell

Question 20

characteristcs common to all cells

Answer 20

1. genetic material - DNA2. cytoplasm3. plasma membrane

Question 21

what limits cell size?

Answer 21

transportation… the smaller the cell the easier it is to transport things from place to place

Question 22

diffusion

Answer 22

solvent moves by concentration gradient (area of high concentration to an area of low concentration)

Question 23

biomolecules

Answer 23

-lipids-proteins-carbohydrates-nucleic acid

Question 24

properties of lipids

Answer 24

-non-polar-high proportion of hydrogen-carbon bonds-hydrophobic

Question 25

structure of a lipid

Answer 25

-head - polar, hydrophilic-tail - non-polar, hydrophobic

Question 26

saturated fat

Answer 26

animal fat, compact tightly, even structure

Question 27

unsaturated fat

Answer 27

vegetable fats, structure not even because of double bonds

Question 28

what is the name of the H2N group in an amino acid

Answer 28

amino (nitrogen) group

Question 29

what is the name of the C group in an amino acid

Answer 29

central carbon group

Question 30

what is the name of the COOH group in an amino acid

Answer 30

carboxyl (carbonic acid) group, amino acid group

Question 31

what is the name of the R group in an amino acid

Answer 31

r-group, varies

Question 32

what is a peptide bond

Answer 32

a bond between amino acids (amino and carboxyl group)

Question 33

primary structure of an amino acid

Answer 33

amino acid order

Question 34

secondary structure of an amino acid

Answer 34

hydrogen bonds form between non r-group parts (local interactions)

Question 35

tertiary structure of an amino acid

Answer 35

large scale folds, gives shape

Question 36

quaternary structure of an amino acid

Answer 36

multiple polypeptide chains, aggregate (loose things combining)

Question 37

what is the role of lipids

Answer 37

-loosely defined (insoluble in water)-energy storage

Question 38

phospholipid bilayer

Answer 38

-boundary-proteins are embedded-composed of 2 layers of lipids-tails facing each other with heads on both sides

Question 39

functions of protein

Answer 39

-motion-enzyme catalysts-storage-transport in and out of the cell-support-defense-regulation

Question 40

fluid-mosaic model

Answer 40

-fluid - components always moving, controlled by hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties-mosaic - made of different types of molecules

Question 41

nucleus

Answer 41

-protects the DNA-double membrane (phospholipid bilayer)-contains chromosomes

Question 42

ribosomes

Answer 42

-responsible for protein synthesis -(not really an organelle) -present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic (different sizes)-2 parts - large and small subunits - together to synthesis proteins-located in the cytoplasm and ER - location determines function

Question 43

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 43

-responsible for protein transport-located around the nucleus-2 types - smooth and rough

Question 44

smooth er

Answer 44

synthesizes lipids and carbs

Question 45

golgi bodies

Answer 45

-protein processing-UPS of the cell-transport proteins and substances

Question 46

mitochondria

Answer 46

-cell’s power plant-2 sets of membranes - inner fold (lots of SA)

Question 47

endosymbotic theory

Answer 47

-some organelles originated from prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells -cyanobacteria -> chloroplasts-bacteria -> mitochondrialevidence:1. circular chromosome, prokaryotic-like ribosomes, double membrane-where the mitochondria, chloroplast and nucleus came from

Question 48

osmosis

Answer 48

diffusion of a substance across a membrane

Question 49

passive transport

Answer 49

-with concentration gradient-channel proteins-carrier proteins

Question 50

channel proteins

Answer 50

-sometimes reversible-size restriction

Question 51

carrier proteins

Answer 51

-large molecules-specific

Question 52

active transport

Answer 52

-against concentration gradient-requires energy

Question 53

what is the energy currency of a cell

Answer 53

ATP

Question 54

what does ATP stand for

Answer 54

adenosine tri-phosphate

Question 55

prokaryotes

Answer 55

-small-simple-single circular chromosome

Question 56

eukaryotes

Answer 56

-large-complex-multiple linear chromosomes

Question 57

differences between animal cells and plant cells

Answer 57

-plants have cell walls for support-plants have chloroplasts for photosynthesis-plants have vacuoles for storage

Question 58

chloroplasts

Answer 58

-has 2 membranes - outer and an inner-contains ribosomes and DNA molecules

Question 59

do prokaryotic cells have DNA?

Answer 59

yes, in cytoplasm

Question 60

do prokaryotic cells make energy?

Answer 60

yes, photosynthesis

Question 61

do some prokaryotic cells convert sugar into sunlight?

Answer 61

yes, they fold in on them selves