- marked by lymphocytes and macrophages, proliferation of blood vessels, fibrosis, and tissue destruction

Exam 1 Flashcards by Paige Ray

What are the layers of the Cerebellum

Molecular - outermost layer
Purkinje cell - single layer of neurons
Granular cell - hypercellular, small cells

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Betz cells

largest pyramidal neurons of primary motor cortex

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Purkinje cells

large, arborizing neurons in cerebellar cortex

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Granular cells

small neurons in cerebellar and cerebral cortices

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Hypertrophy

caused by increased demand or by stimulation by hormones and growth factors

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Atrophy

Shrinkage of tissue due to a decrease in cell size and number

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Neoplasia

abnormal proliferation of cells

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Metaplasia

happens before neoplasia; abnormal growth

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Acute inflammation

rapid lasts for hours-days (edema)

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chronic inflammation

marked by lymphocytes and macrophages, proliferation of blood vessels, fibrosis, and tissue destruction

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chronic traumatic encephalopathy

conditions that reveals neuronal loss and tau deposits in neurons and astrocytes

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Neuropil is composed of

unmyelinated axons, and processes of astrocytes

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Why would a posterior cerebral artery stroke cause hemiparesis

The stroke may have been an ischemic stroke and cut off blood flow the the occipital lobe causing there to be hemiparesis

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subdural hematoma symptoms

man hits his head and has muscle weakness and motor aphasia

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an influx of Calcium does what

activates catabolic enzymes

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In hypoxia free radicals are where

mitochondria

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necrosis

outside job, breaks apart slowly with inflammatory response, takes a few hours

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apoptosis

inside job, breaks down the membrane, no inflammatory response, takes a few days

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where are colored neurons found

Pons, medulla, midbrain

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subdural hematoma damages what structure

dural bridging vein

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left uncus herniation causes

fixed dilated left pupil

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the two main phagocytes in the brain

microglia and macrophages

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normal neurons have

nissil bodies

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MCA occlusion deaths occur

in 3-4 days

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tau proteins:

link microtubules to one another

neurons are more sensitive to glial cells because they have higher ___ and produce ____

energy demands; glutamate

cytotoxic edema

develops early

leptomeningeal vessels create

perivascular space

DAI

Diffuse axonal injury, cerebrum glides back and forth, occurs largely in car crashes

best imaging for acute head injuries

Corpora amylacea

spherical intracytoplasmic bodies of carbohydrate polymers that develop in astrocytic processes with advancing age

gliding contusion

result of child abuse (SBS)

necrotic brain tissue

microglial nodules

degenerating neurons

neuronophagia

embolic infarcts

abrupt onset

SBS clinical features

Encephalopathy Subdural hematomas Retinal hemorrhages

axonal swelling occurs in

Ischemic infarcts Diffuse axonal injury Around intracerebral hematomas

gliosis

would be present after 3 month spinal cord injury

what changes occur in CNS parenchyma

eosinophilic neurons

Bruised line behind an ear, caused by fracture of petrous bone

Mastoid (battle sign)

If circulation ceases, the energy supplies stored in brain cells are enough to last

1-2 minutes

The most common cause of HIE in a 60 year old patient is

Cardiac arrest

Neurons damaged by hypoxia or trauma discharge

Glutamate

free radicals are generated in the:

mitochondria

Cerebral edema in HIE is caused by

arachidonic acid and lactic acid

What is most vulnerable in HIE

caudate nucleus

The respirator brain is caused by

autolysis of a non-perfused brain

The window of opportunity for rescuing the penumbra is:

3-4 hours

Fusiform aneurysms of the basilar artery cause

undergo thrombosis causing ischemic infarction of the pons

Amnesia involving recent and old memory may result from bilateral lesions of

hippocampus and amygdala or the thalamus

The intracellular process that triggers cell injury in HIE is:

Increased intracellular calcium

persistent vegetative state may result from extensive damage of

cerebral cortex and thalamus

Risk factors for cerebral arterial occlusion and ischemic infarction iclude

Elevated homocysteine and Factor V Leiden

Asphyxia means

pulselessness

Porencephaly

lesion which occurs in the second or third trimester

*A baby boy was born at 29 weeks of gestation and was discharged from the NICU at 34 weeks. At 7 months of age, spasticity of the lower extremities is apparent.. The most likely cause of the abnormality is:

White matter damage due to ischemia

The white matter is most frequently affected by HIE in:

Premature infants

What identifies damaged axons in diffuse axonal injury

Beta amyloid precursor protein

Beta amyloid precursor protein is produced by

neurons at the time of traumatic brain injury

A fibrous inner membrane encapsulating the subdural hematoma develops in

4-6 weeks

Who is most susceptible to developing a subdural hematoma

72 year old patient with Alzheimer disease

The most common traumatic brain injury is

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Yellow (or orange) plaques ("Taches Jaunes") are:

Old contusions

Axonal swellings occur mainly in :

Ischemic infarcts, Diffuse axonal injury, Around intracerebral hematomas

petechiae, in diffuse axonal injury, are found most commonly in:

The corpus callosum, and dorsolateral brainstem

The Bielschowsky stain shows axonal swellings in:

15 hours

The brain of a 62 year old former professional boxer who has dementia and Parkinsonian manifestations shows:

Neurofibrillary tanglesB.

A patient with a glioblastoma multiforme in the right frontoparietal area develops right hemiparesis and a fixed dilated right pupil. The cause of these neurological findings is:

Right temporal lobe herniation