Exam 1

Question 0

The major underlying cause is ischemia due to:

Answer 0

Atherosclerosis (plaquing), white thrombus, red thrombus, artery spasm

Question 1

What is the #1 cause of death?

Answer 1

Cardiovascular disease

Question 2

What does the term hemostasis mean?

Answer 2

Prevention of blood loss

Question 3

How does the body prevent hemostasis?

Answer 3

Vascular spasm, formation of platelet plug, blood coagulation, fibrous tissue growth to seal.

Question 4

Platelets function as whole cells but cannot do what?

Answer 4

Cannot divide

Question 5

Platelets contain what?

Answer 5

Actin and myosin, enzymes and calcium, ADP and ATP, thromboxane A2, serotonin, growth factor.

Question 6

Mechanism of platelet activation:

When platelets contact damaged area they what?

Answer 6

1) swell
2) irregular form with irradiating processes protruding from surface
3) contractile proteins contract causing granule release
4) secrete ADP, thromboxane A2 and serotonin

Question 7

Thromboxane A2 is a what and does what?

Answer 7

1) Vasoconstrictor

2) potentiates the release of granule contents

Question 8

Platelets are important in what?

Answer 8

Minute ruptures

Question 9

Platelets have a half life of what and are eliminated by what?

Answer 9

1) Half life of 8-12 days

2) eliminated by macrophage action

Question 10

Greater than 1/2 of all the macrophages are located in the what?

Answer 10

Spleen

Question 11

What are the three roles of endothelium?

Answer 11

1) prevents platelet aggregation
2) produces PGI2 (prostacyclin)
3) produces factor VIII (clotting)

Question 12

What is PGI2?

Answer 12

1) it is a vasodilator
2) it stimulates platelet adenyl Cyclades which suppresses release of granules
3) limits platelet extension

Question 13

Platelet cell membrane contains what?

Answer 13

Glycoproteins that avoid the normal endothelium but adhere to damaged area

Question 14

Aspirin and ibuprofen both do what?

Answer 14

Block both thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin production by blocking fatty acid cyclooxygenase which converts arachidonic acid to PGG2 and PGH2

Question 15

Anticoagulants prevent what?

Answer 15

Prevents clots from forming

Question 16

What does dicumarol do?

Answer 16

Inhibition of vitamin k dependent factors

Aka: Cumadin and warfarin

Question 17

Dissolves clots that have already formed

• plasmin from plasminogen

Answer 17

Lysis of clots

Question 18

Tye up calcium ( citrate, oxylate)

Answer 18

Chelators

Question 19

Inactive form of plasmin which circulates in the blood called?

Answer 19

Plasminogen

Question 20

Endogenous activators are found in:

Answer 20

Tissues, plasma and urine

Question 21

Exogenous activators

Answer 21

• streptokinase
• tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)
  - -3hour window for MI and stroke

Question 22

Clots may be liquefied by (fibrinolysis) by a proteolytic enzyme called?

Answer 22

Plasmin

Question 23

Plasmin circulates in the blood in an inactive form known as?

Answer 23

Plasminogen

Question 24

Most of the frank tissue damage associated with infarction occurs upon

Answer 24

Reperfusion

Question 25

Reperfusion is associated with the formation of highly reactive oxygen species with unpaired electrons called

Answer 25

Free radicals

Question 26

When pressure on tissues relieved and again perfumed with blood, what are formed?

Answer 26

Free radicals are generated

Question 27

The ability to open up alternate routes of blood flow to compensate for a blocked vessel

Answer 27

Collateralization

Question 28

How does the body show collateralization?

Answer 28

1) angiogenesis 2) vasodilation 3) role of the SNS - May impede via vasoconstriction - may augment via release of NPY

Question 29

In blood coagulation (thrombosis) what is initiated by chemical factors released by damaged tissues?

Answer 29

Extrinsic mechanism

Question 30

In blood coagulation (thrombosis), what requires only components in blood and trauma to blood or exposure to collagen (or foreign surface)

Answer 30

Intrinsic mechanism

Question 31

Coumarin (warfarin or Cumadin) depresses liver formation of II, VII, IX, X by blocking action of what?

Answer 31

Vitamin k

Question 32

Sex linked on X chromosome and usually occurs in males

Answer 32

Hemophilia

Question 33

In hemophilia, 85% of cases are defect in factor what and 15% of cases are defect in what factor?

Answer 33

1) factor VIII | 2) factor IX

Question 34

What is the autoimmune disease where the body makes antibodies against phospholipids in cell membranes. - this can cause abnormal clots to form.

Answer 34

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

Question 35

Amino acid in the blood that may irritate blood vessels promoting atherosclerosis and can also cause cholesterol to change into oxidized LDL

Answer 35

Homocysteine This can make blood more likely to clot

Question 36

High levels of homocysteine in blood can be reduced by increasing intake of

Answer 36

Folic acid B6 and B12

Question 37

What does the term syncytium mean?

Answer 37

Many acting as one

Question 38

The duration of action potential in cardiac muscle is

Answer 38

.2-.3 seconds

Question 39

What are the fast channels in cardiac muscle?

Answer 39

Na+ channels

Question 40

What are the slow channels in cardiac muscle?

Answer 40

Ca++ and Na+ channels

Question 41

What other kind of channels are in the heart?

Answer 41

K+

Question 42

Sharp increase at onset of depolarization

Answer 42

Na+

Question 43

Increased during the plateau

Answer 43

Ca++

Question 44

Increased during the resting polarized state

Answer 44

K+

Question 45

Na, Ca, and k in the cardiac muscle for each: | ___ at onset of depolarization, ____during repolarization

Answer 45

Na- increases, decreases Ca- increases, decreases K- decreases, increases

Question 46

What blocks fast Na channels selectively changing a fast response into a slow response.

Answer 46

Tetradotoxin

Question 47

During the resting membrane potential (Er) in cardiac muscle, fast Na and slow Ca/Na are _____ and k channels are _______

Answer 47

Closed, open

Question 48

The sodium, potassium pump is energy dependent and operates to pump Na and k in or out of the cell?

Answer 48

pumps Na out of the cell and K into the cell at a ratio of 3:2

Question 49

In the cardiac cell membrane is a protein that exchanges what from the interior in return for Na that is allowed to enter the cell.

Answer 49

Ca++ from the interior in return for Na+

Question 50

if the Na/k pump is inhibited, function of the exchange protein is reduced and more of what is allowed to accumulate in the cardiac cell.

Answer 50

Ca++ accumulates and this causes an increase contractile strength.

Question 51

what is the normal pacemaker of the heart?

Answer 51

SA node

Question 52

The SA node has a self inhibitory or self excitatory nature?

Answer 52

self excitatory

Question 53

This delays the wave of depolarization from entering the ventricle

Answer 53

AV node

Question 54

This has a slow conduction velocity due to smaller diameter fibers

Answer 54

AV node

Question 55

In absence of SA node, what may act as a pacemaker but at a slower rate

Answer 55

AV node