Exam 1 <3

Question 1

Aristotle - Emotion

Answer 1

Moderation principle: emotional balance beneficial to reason

• quality of logic is enhanced when you moderate your emotions
• emotions depend on cognition and judgement - your thoughts of what is going on in your world

Question 2

Descartes - Emotion

Answer 2

Taxonomy of passions
- wonder, desire, joy, love, hatred, and sadness

• thought emotions arise in the soul and depend on your perception

Question 3

Darwin - Emotion

Answer 3

• thought emotions were adaptive, functional, and visible
• has consistent expressions
• evolved from our ancestors (evolutionary view)

Question 4

James - Emotion

Answer 4

James-Lange theory: perception of bodily states IS the emotion - you realized your heart is pounding and you then feel fear

perception of stimulus -> arousal (heart pounding) -> emotion (fear)

Question 5

Cannon - Emotion

Answer 5

• he was the one who coined the terms fight or flight and homeostasis
• Cannon-Bard theory: bodily changes are too slow to cause emotional response

perception of stimulus -> arousal and emotion simultaneously

Question 6

Schachter-Singer - Emotion

Answer 6

• did an experiment where they injected some participants with adrenaline, some were told it’s saline some were told it is a stimulant

perception of stimulus -> arousal and cognitive label “I’m afraid” -> emotion

• label initiates emotion

Question 7

Lazarus - Emotion

Answer 7

• no emotion without cognition - appraise events in relation to our goals, eliciting bodily changes and emotions
• perception of stimulus -> cognitive appraisal -> emotion and arousal

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Question 8

3 features of emotion

Answer 8

feeling

behavior

physiological change

• all based off of cognitive appraisal
• we determine after the stimulus whether or not this is a good thing or bad things which leads to different emotions

Question 9

Ekman: six features of emotion

Answer 9

1. Brief: 4-5 seconds
2. Involuntary
3. Cross species
4. Coherent (components work together)
5. Fast in onset
6. Automatic appraisal

Question 10

Classification of emotion: two main approaches

Answer 10

1. Basic/discrete
   - discrete, specific categories
   - universal
   - biologically fixed
2. Dimensional

• no specific categories
• pleasant v unpleasant and high arousal.v low arousal
• combination of psychological dimensions

Question 11

Core basic emotions

Answer 11

Anger
Disgust
Fear
Sadness
Surprise
Happiness

Question 12

Dimensional view on
emotion

Answer 12

negative and positive valence (pleasant or unpleasant)

low arousal or high arousal

Question 13

How can we measure emotion?

Answer 13

Subjective state: questionnaires, emotion rating dial, diaries, etc.

Behavioral state: face, voice, body and posture,

Physiological state: fMRI, PET, heart rates, respiration, blood pressure

Question 14

Do different emotions have specific, distinct autonomic profiles?

Answer 14

NO - there is no single gold standard emotional response to measure

Question 15

7 methods of eliciting emotion

Answer 15

1. Pictures
2. FIlm Clips
3. Relived emotions
4. Dyadic interviews - pairs
5. Music and singing
6. experimental manipulation
7. directed facial action task

Question 16

Evolutionary perspective

Answer 16

• Darwin
• emotions evolved via natural selection
• emotions are biologically rooted
• emotions serve specific functions - survival and reproduction
• emotions are universal across cultures

Question 17

EEA - Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness

Answer 17

• environment where emotions originated
• certain selection pressures of EEA drove which emotions are now universal and adaptive

Question 18

Key properties of EEA - EXAM QUESTION

Answer 18

1. vulnerability of offspring
2. monogamous bonds
3. relatively flat social hierarchy

vulnerable of offspring: compassion and nurturing love important

monogamous bond: to help with vulnerable offspring

relatively flat social hierarchy: need for collective action - need communication, empathy, and care for others

Question 19

Selection pressures

Answer 19

environmental factors either increase or decrease likelihood of gene replication

1. Natural selection pressures
   - factors that increase or decrease the likelihood of survival until reproduction age
2. Sexual selection pressures
   - factors that increase or decrease the likelihood of attracting a partner and reproducing

Question 20

Emotions serve adaptive functions

Answer 20

1. Fear
   - situation: bear walking towards you
   - appraisal: this is unsafe!
   - behavior: fight or flight
   - physiology: ANS activity (sympathetic system increased)
   - function: escape predator, safety, and defense

Question 21

What are the functions of emotions?

Answer 21

• natural selection: helps with survival, helps you live long enough to reproduce
• reproductive selection: helps you reproduce and attract the opposite sex

Question 22

two competing views on culture and emotion

Answer 22

evolutionary view: does not think culture shapes emotion - thinks emotions are universal

social constructionist view: emotions are dependent on culture

Question 23

Nico Frijdea - concerns and priority

Answer 23

an emotions is a pychological state that relates an event, to a concern

the emotion gives priority to one goal over others - it gives that goal or concern priority

Question 24

Darwin’s two questions

Answer 24

1. how are emotions expressed in humans and other animals?
2. where do our emotions come from?

Question 25

Figure 1.1

Answer 25

the taxonomy of expressions that Darwin described expressions of emotions: blushing, body contact, clenching fists, crying, frowning, laughing, perspiriation, screaming, shrugging, trembling, sneering, hair standing on end

Question 26

Sigmund Freud

Answer 26

- certain events can be so damaging that they leave emotional scars - first to argue that emotions are at the core of many mental illnesses

Question 27

Aristotle:

Answer 27

our emotional experiences are shaped by our judgements and evaluations argued we needed katharsis (clarification) of our emotions

Question 28

affect definition

Answer 28

anything that has to do with emotion - such as moods, depositions, and preferences

Question 29

figure 1.1

Answer 29

shows a spectrum of emotional phenomena from seconds to lifetime

Question 30

termperment

Answer 30

a personality we are born with

Question 31

Darwin: elements of evolutionary approach

Answer 31

1. superabundance: reproduce more than necessary 2. variation: each offspring is somewhat different than others 3. selection: characteristics allowing for better adaptation to the environment are more likely to be passed on to the offspring

Question 32

Adaptation

Answer 32

genetically based traits that allow the individual to respond effectively to specific selection pressures and to fare well in struggles to survive and reproduce

Question 33

emotions as adaptations

Answer 33

emotions can be thought of as adaptations that help humans meet the specific selection pressures of survival, reproduction, and daily living

Question 34

symbolic representationa and language

Answer 34

what sets up apart from other animals: language deepest characteristic of language: ability to cooperateat

Question 35

attachment

Answer 35

suggests that human attachment processes function like imprinting attachment: imprinting: it;s function is to protect and care for the vulnerable infant to thrive

Question 36

two other critical systems necessary for attachment process:

Answer 36

pair bonding and affectional bonds

Question 37

table 3.1

Answer 37

independent self: i am autonomous and separate, my behario derives internally, who I am is stable across contexts interdependent self: i am connected to others, my behavior derives from society, who i am varies across context

Question 38

Amae

Answer 38

japanese emotion for attachment, interdepdence, comfort in the other persons complete acceptance

Question 39

Tsai

Answer 39

affect evaluation theory - emoptions that promote cultural values are valued more and therefore play a more prominent role in people's social lives

Question 40

experience sampling

Answer 40

students beeped electronically and asked to report on their current emotions