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bio exams 1-3 > exam 1- 3 missed questions > Flashcards

exam 1- 3 missed questions Flashcards

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1
Q

Structure of monosaccharide

A

Carbon ring with OH groups (basically look for the carbon chain)

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2
Q

A dehydration reaction is a process in which

A

Monomers are joined together to form a polymer, which is a build up of molecules that results in the production of water in the process

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3
Q

What is the Homeoviscous Adaptation Hypothesis

A

a process that helps cell membranes maintain a liquid-crystalline state in cold temperatures. (which would have the greatest amounts of unsaturated phospholipids.)

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4
Q

What structure of a protein determines its function and shape

A

Primary structure

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5
Q

A mutation causes a new amino acid to be substituted into a protein. What level of protein structure will always be effected?

A

Primary

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6
Q

What amino acid substitutions will potentially have the most destabilizing effect on the protein secondary structure?

A

A polar amino acid changed to non polar

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7
Q

Describe the shape and structure of a primary protein

A

order of amino acids (so basically just the drawing)

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8
Q

Describe the shape and structure of a secondary protein

A

H bonds and interactions between nearby amino acids (so in this case think the yellow and dark blue) - examples include beta sheets or alpha helices

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9
Q

Describe the shape and structure of a tertiary protein

A

R groups of far away amino acids interacting (like pink and light blue) for more extensive folding

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10
Q

Describe the shape and structure of a quaternary protein

A

multiple polypeptides interacting (NOT ALL PROTEINS HAVE QUATERNARY STRUCTURES)

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11
Q

Describe direct intercellular signaling

A

cell junctions allow signaling molecules to pass from cell to cell

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12
Q

Describe Paracrine signaling

A

signal does not affect cell secreting the signal but does influence cells close to it

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13
Q

Describe contact-dependent signaling

A

Molecules are bound to the surface of cells and serve as signals to cell coming in contact with them

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14
Q

Describe endocrine signaling

A

Signals (hormones) travel long distances and are usually longer lasting

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15
Q

Describe autocrine signaling

A

Cells secrete signaling molecules that bind to their own cell surface or neighboring cells of the same type

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16
Q

Summarize the 4 signal transduction pathways we discussed in class: g-coupled protein

A

Signaling molecule binds to GPCR, receptor binds to inactive G protein, activates it, it leaves the receptor and activates downstream enzymes

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17
Q

receptor tyrosine kinases

A

The domain binds to a ligand which causes two domains to come together and form a dimer, tyrosine amino acids are phosphorylated, by kinases, proteins bond to the side groups and perform cellular responses

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18
Q

intracellular receptors

A

A hormone (typically a steroid) enters the cell and binds to the hormone-receptor protein complex. The complex interacts directly with DNA in the cell to affect gene expression

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19
Q

ligand-gated channels

A

A ligand binds to the gated channel which causes it to open and allow ions to flow through. Once ions enter the cell the ligand separates from the channel and the channel closes

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20
Q

How does auxin affect plants

A

phototropism (cell elongation)

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21
Q

How does cytokinins affect plants

A

cell division

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22
Q

How does abscisic acid affect plants

A

leaf abscission and winter dormancy

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23
Q

How does gibberellins affect plants

A

fruit growth

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24
Q

How does ethylene effect plants

A

Fruit ripening, only gaseous hormone

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25
Describe characteristics and uses of parenchyma
thin primary cell walls, no secondary walls, they store organic products, hold chloroplasts, are the fleshy parts of fruits, and make up the sieve-tube members of the phloem, have totipotency.
26
Describe characteristics and uses of collenchyma
living specialized cells, unevenly thick primary walls, form strands to help support young plants, flexible
27
Describe characteristics and uses of Sclerenchyma
dead specialized cells, thick secondary walls with lignin, support the plant and help with transportation, make up xylem vessel elements.
28
what role does the Golgi play in protein production
Modifies proteins (post-office)
29
Where are microfilaments most likely to be found
Along the inner surfaces of the membrane
30
What is one reason for having a signal transduction pathway between the receptor and the cellular response?
To amplify the signal so that one signaling molecule can activate many proteins in the cellular response
31
Describe a primary mechanism by which the energy released in ATP hydrolysis is used directly to drive endergonic reactions is a cell
The released phosphate is used to form phosphorylated intermediates that are more reactive than the original unphosphorylated substrate
32
What can an enzyme do to speed up a reaction that it catalyzes
Change pH, change shape of acting site, stretch bonds (CANNOT HEAT UP)
33
Where do light reactions take place
Thylakoid membrane of chloroplast
34
Where do dark reactions take place
Stroma of chloroplast
35
Inputs and outputs of glycolysis
Inputs- Glucose (6C), 2 ATP, 4 ADP, 2 NAD+ H+ Outputs- 2 pyruvate (3C), 2 ADP, 4 ATP,2 NADH
36
Inputs and outputs of pyruvate oxidation
Inputs- Pyruvate (3C) CoA, NAD+ H+ Outputs- Acetyl-CoA + CO2 Acetyl-CoA, NADH
37
Inputs and outputs of the citric acid cycle
Inputs- Acetyl-CoA (2C) 1 FAD, 3 NAD+, 1 ADP Outputs- 2 CO2 ,1 FADH2, 3 NADH, 1 ATP (Completely oxidized glucose)
38
39
The Electron Transport Chain
Inputs- NADH, FADH2, O2 Outputs- NAD+, FAD, H2O (metabolic water), ATP
40
What are the outputs of light reactions
ATP, NADPH, Oxygen
41
What are the direct outputs of dark reactions (Calvin cycle)
G3P
42
What do CAM plants do during the day if they have used all the carbon dioxide the previous night
Engage in photorespiration
43
What does ligase do?
Joins the Okazaki fragments to form a continuous DNA strand
44
What does DNA polymerase 3 do
Responsible for the replication of DNA, adds to the 3’ end (main workhorse)
45
What does DNA primase do
A type of RNA polymerase that synthesizes a short RNA segment that serves as a primer for DNA synthesis
46
What does DNA polymerase 1 and topoisomerase?
1. replaces the RNA primers with DNA 2. Cuts and rejoins the DNA downstream of the replication fork, relieving the tension at the end of the fork
47
What does Telomerase do
adds more repeating bases to end of lagging strand
48
What does helicase do
Catalyzes the breaking of hydrogen bonds between the two DNA strands to separate them
49
What is the difference between the start codon and TATA box
the start codon is on the mRNA and directly initiates protein synthesis, while the TATA box is on the DNA and signals the start of transcription to create mRNA.
50
During translation and protein synthesis, the peptide bond joining the new amino acid to the growing protein is created when
The amino acid is detached from the tRNA in the A site and added to the free end of the protein attached to the tRAN in the P site
51
Which domain does post transcriptional modifications occur in and why?
Eukaryotes, transcription and translation occur in different places
52
What are the post transcriptional modifications?
Splicing of exons (kept in), adding a 5’ cap and poly-A tail
53
What is happening in initiation
tRNA charged with an amino acid (done by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase) recognizes AUG and ribosomal subunit come together.
54
What is happening in Elongation
The initiator tRNA is in the P site. An aminoacyl tRNA binds to the codon in the A site. Peptide bond formation occurs between amino acids on the tRNAs in the P and A sites.
55
What is happening in termination
A release factor binds to the stop codon and hydrolyzes the polypeptide bond and tRNA in the P-site
56
Describe the trp operon. Is it inducible or repressible?
Codes for tryptophan, once there is a lot of tryptophan it binds to the repressor which binds to the operon and blocks transcription. Repressible
57
Photoautotroph
energy from the sun and makes its own C-C bonds
58
Photoheterotroph
energy from the sun and ingests pre existing C-C bonds
59
Chemoautotroph
energy from chemical bonds and makes its own C-C bonds
60
Chemoheterotroph
energy from chemical bonds and ingests pre existing C-C bonds
61
Difference between methylation and acetylation
DNA methylation suppresses gene expression (tightens) , while histone acetylation increases gene transcription (loosens, increases surface area).
62
What modifications to the DNA or chromosomes that affect gene expression but do not change the DNA sequence
Epigenetic modifications
63
Why would a bacterium regulate the genes for enzymes involved in lactose metabolism with an inducible operon
The enzymes are only needed if lactose is is present
64
What will a particular activator regulatory transcription factor in eukaryotes bind to?
An enhancer sequence in the regulatory region in front of a few specific genes
65
Why do gram-neg bacteria tend to be less susceptible to antibiotics than gram-pos?
The additional plasma membrane gram-neg have outside of the cell wall protects them from antibiotics
66
Which metabolic pathways are only found in prokaryotes
Anaerobic respiration, nitrogen fixation
67
What role do bacteria that utilize nitrogen in energy acquisition play in ecosystems
They cycle nitrogen, converting it into forms that special plants can utilize
68
Growth rings in trees are composed of
xylem tissue
69
Where is the newest/youngest vascular tissue found
Closest to the vascular cambium
70
Which changes in the appearance of a plant are associated with de-etiolation
growth of green leaves
71
What allows water to be transported through the xylem
Hydrogen bonding, negative pressure in the leaf, positive pressure in the roots
72
Loading sucrose into phloem creates a positive pressure in the phloem near the source cells. How?
Increased concentration of sucrose in the phloem pulls water osmotically from the xylem into the phloem
73
Explain the metabolic diversity of prokaryotes
Diff electron accepter than oxygen in transport chain, can use different electron donors other than glucose, ferment a variety of sugars, use inorganic molecules as an energy source

bio exams 1-3 (1 decks)

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