Exam 1 Flashcards
(231 cards)
0
Q
What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?
A
collagen type 1
1
Q
What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?
A
Glycosaminoglycans
2
Q
What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?
A
hydroxyapatite
3
Q
What are the tree responses of bone which allow it to be described as “living”?
A
it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and age
4
Q
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?
A
intramembranous ossification
5
Q
What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartlage?
A
from the second to fifth month in utero
6
Q
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?
A
endochondral ossification
7
Q
What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?
A
chondrocranium
8
Q
What bone o the appendicular skeleton is formed by endochondral and intramembranous ossfication?
A
The clavicle
9
Q
What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?
A
Primary centers of ossification appears BEFORE birth
Secondary centers ossification AFTER birth
10
Q
What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?
A
Gender variation (sexual dimorphism) Ontogenetic variation (growth/age) geographic (ethnic) idiosyncratic (individual variation)
11
Q
What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?
A
Long bone, short bone, flat bone, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones and sesamoid bone
12
Q
What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?
A
heterotopic bone
13
Q
What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?
A
accessory bone
14
Q
What are examples of short bones?
A
most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus
15
Q
What is characteristic of pneumatic bone?
A
air spaces with the bone
16
Q
What are examples of pneumatic bone?
A
frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid (FEMS)
17
Q
What are the four basic surface feature categories?
A
elevation, depression, tunnels or passageways and facets
elevators depress tunnel passageways to fences
18
Q
What are the types of osseous linear elevations?
A
Line Ridge Crest
19
Q
What are the types of osseous elevations?
A
linear, rounded and sharp
20
Q
What is the definition of an osseous tuber or tuberosity?
A
a large projection with a significant base and a variable height on the surface of bone
21
Q
What are examples of an osseous malleolus?
A
Medial malleolus of the tibia and lateral malleolus of fibula
22
Q
What are examlples of osseous tubers or tuberosities?
A
Frontal tuber of frontal bone
tuberosity for serratus anterior muscle of rib 2
Sacral tuberosity of S2
Ischial tuberosity of the innominate bone
23
Q
What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?
A
spine and process
24
What is the definition of the osseous elevation called "spine"?
a thorn-like elevation from the surface of bone
25
What are the categories of osseous depressions?
linear and rounded depressions
26
What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?
notch or incisure, groove and sulcus
27
What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?
Fovea and fossa
28
What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?
ostium or orifice and hiatus
29
What is the definition of an osseous osmium?
a round or oval opening on the surface of bone
30
What is the definition of an osseous hiatus?
an irregular opening on the surface of bone
31
What is the definition of an osseous foramen?
ostium passing completely through a thin region of bone
32
What is the definition of an osseous canal?
ostium passing completely through a thick region of bone
33
What is the name given to an osmium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-edned passageway?
Meatus
34
What are the categories of osseous facets?
flat facets and rounded facets
35
What is the definition of an osseous fissure?
irregular slit or crack appearance btwn the surface of adjacent bones
36
What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?
articular heads and articular condyles
37
What is the definition of an osseous condyle?
a knuckle-shaped surface on bone for osseous articulation
38
How many bones form the typical adult axial skeleton?
80
39
What bones form the axial skeleton?
Skull, Hyoid, Vertebral column, Sernum and Ribs
| See Hot Vixen Stole Rubies
40
What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible?
The cranium
41
What are the names given to the top of the adult skull?
The calvaria or calve
42
What are the categories of bone forming the typical adult skull?
Neurocranium
facial skeleton ( splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)
Auditory ossicles
43
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull?
28 bones
44
What bones form the neurocranium of the typical adult skull?
```
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
sphenoid and ethmoid
```
45
How many bones form the typical adult neurocranium?
8 bones
46
what is the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)?
the bones that support the face
47
How many bones form the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)?
14 bone
48
By strict definition, what is a splanchnocranium?
the bones which support the face MINUS the mandible
49
How many bones comprise the typical adult auditory ossicles?
6 bones
50
How many bones are present in the adult hyoid?
1 bone
51
What bones comprise the typical adult ventral column or spinal column?
Cervial, Thoracic, Lumbar vertebrae and sacrum/coccyx
52
What is the name given to the pre sacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?
The spine
53
How many bones are present in the typical adult sternum?
1 bone
54
How many ribs are present in the typical adult skeleton?
12 pair or 24 ribs
55
What term is used to identify the study of joints?
arthrology
56
What term is used to identify the study of ligaments?
syndesmology
57
What are the three histological classifications of joint?
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial fluid
58
What is the classification of a plane or gliding synovial joint?
arthrodia
59
What is the classification of a hinge type synovial joint?
ginglymus
60
What is the classification of pivot joint?
trochoid
61
What is the classification of a knuckle type synovial joint?
condylar or bicondylar
62
What is the classification of an oval-like synovial joint?
ellipsoidal
63
What is the classification of a saddle type synovial joint?
sellar
64
What is the classification of a ball and socket synovial joint?
cotyloid
spheroidal
enarthrosis
65
What fibrous connective tissue classically fills the joint space of syndesmosis?
interosseous ligament
66
What are the examples of the typical syndesmosis from the vertebral column?
most of the ligamentous joints of the vertebral column and ligamentous sacra-iliac joints
67
What is the synonym for amphiarthrosis joints?
cartilage joint
68
Which classification of cartilage joint is the first to appear developmentally?
(amphiarthrosis) Synchondrosis
69
Which cartilage joint forms between ossification centers within a cartilage template?
(amphiathrosis) Synchondrosis
70
Which type of cartilage is characteristic of the (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?
hyaline cartilage
71
Which classification of cartilage joint is primary, temporary and composed of hyaline cartilage?
(amphiathrosis) Synchondrosis
72
What are examples of a permanent (amphiathrosis) Synchondrosis?
costochondral joints or the first sternochondral joint
73
What are examples of temporary cartilage joints?
Metaphysis
Neuro-central joint
Neural arch joint
chondrocranium
74
What is the classification of a secondary cartilage joint?
(amphiathrosis) Symphysis
75
Which cartilage joint occurs between bones formed by endochondral ossification?
(amphiathrosis) Symphysis
76
Which type of cartilage joint is permanent in its longevity?
(amphiathrosis) Symphysis
77
What type of cartilage is characteristic of the (amphiathrosis) Symphysis?
fibrocartilage or fibrous cartilage
78
Which cartilage joint has limited motion, lies in the median plane and occurs between bones formed by endochondral ossification?
(amphiathrosis) Symphysis
79
What are the classic examples of an (amphiathrosis) Symphysis?
Intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, sternal symphyses, and syphsis menti
80
Which example of an (amphiathrosis) Symphysis is temporary?
symphysis menti
81
What are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joint?
articular or fibrous capsule
synovial membrane
articular cartilage and synovial fluid
82
Thickening of the fibrous capsule connective tissue will form what?
capsular ligament
83
What generic accessory ligament may accompany and support the capsular ligament?
intracapsular and extracapsular ligament
84
What is the generic function of ligaments?
stimulate reflex contraction of muscles around the joint
85
What are the characteristics of the type I articular receptors?
located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses and they monitor the joint "at rest"
86
What are the characteristics of type II articular receptors?
Located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resemble Pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitor the joint during normal range of motion
87
What are the characteristics of type III articular receptors?
present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, resemble Golgi tendon organs, not initially observed along the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint motion
88
What is the function of the type IV articular receptors?
nocicepive, monitor pain
89
Type IVa articular receptors would be present in what locations?
fibrous capsule, articular fat pads or adventitia of blood vessels
90
What are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?
1. synovial villie
2. articular cartilage
3. synovial menisci and intra-articular discs
91
What is the generic function of modifications of articular synovial membrane?
aid in spreading synovial fluid
92
What is the apparent function of synovial villi?
increase the surface of synovial membrane available for secretion- absorption Phenomena
93
Articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column?
lumbar zygaphophyses
94
What is the unique name of the inner or lumenal layer of the synovial membrane?
synovial lamina intima
95
What are the specific functions of the type A synovial cells?
are phagocytic
96
What is the specific function of type B synovial cells?
secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid
97
What are examples of glycosaminoglycans important in articular cartilage?
hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfates and keratin sulfate
98
What is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?
form a network for water retention
99
What is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?
cartilage can deform and returns to original volume RAPIDLY (FAST), a time INDEPENDENT property
100
What is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?
cartilage can deform but returns to original volume SLOWLY, time DEPENDENT property
101
Which theory of joint lubrication implies a loss of fluid from the cartilage into the joint space during compression results in increased viscosity of the synovial fluid?
weeping theory
102
Which teary of joint lubrication implies water loss from the synovial fluid increases viscosity of the remaining synovial fluid?
booster theory
103
Which theory of joint lubrication implies an ADSORPTION of lubricant onto cartilage surfaces is responsible for the low-friction observed during movement?
boundary theory
104
What are the properties of synovial fluid?
it is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline and taste salty
105
Which substance is synovial fluid was first though to be responsible for its viscosity and lubrication behavior?
hyaluronate
106
What substance of synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?
lubricin
107
What is the function of synovial fluid?
provides a nutritive source for article cartilage and supply the lubricant for the cartilage surface
108
What is a simple synovial joint (diarthrosis)?
only one pair of articulating surfaces are observed
109
What is a compound synovial joint (diarthrosis)?
more than two articulating surfaces are present in the same synovial joint
110
What is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)
within the simple joint or compound join
| the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra-articular disc ) or meniscus
111
What morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as non axial?
plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)
112
What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial?
hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) and pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)
113
What morphological classifications of synodal joints would be classified as biaxial?
(diarthrosis) bicondylar
(diarthrosis) condylar
(diarthrosis)ellipsoidal
(diarthrosis sellar) saddle
114
What morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multi axial?
Ball and socket (diarthrosis enarthroisis)
(diarthrosis spheroidal)
(diarthrosis cotyloid)
are all classifications given to the same joint
115
What are examples of synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodial) joints?
most zygapophyses of vertebral column intercarpal, carpometacarpal and intermetacarpal joints of the foot
116
What are examples of synovial hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) joints?
humero ulnar joint of the elbow and interphalageal joints of the fingers and toes
117
What are the examples of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints?
median alanto axial joint and proximal radio ulnar joint
118
What are examples of diarthrosis condylar or diarthrosis trochoid joints?
temporomandibular joint and femur tibia joint of knee
119
What are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints?
radiocarpal joint of the wrist,
metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand,
metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot,
atlanto occiopital joint of the vertebral column
120
Which synovial joint classifications are now often interchanged in textbooks?
ellipsoidal and condylar synovial joints
121
What are examples of synovial saddle (diarthrosis seller) joints?
carpmetacarpal joint of the thumb,
talocrural joint of the ankle ,
calcaneocuboid joint of the foot
122
What are examples of diarthrosis enarthrosis joints?
femur-acetabulum of the innominate articulation at the hip and
humerus- glenoid cavity of the scapula articulation at the shoulder
123
What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adult?
26 segments
124
What is the number of vertebrae in the typical spine?
24 segmanets
125
What constitutes the spine?
the 24 pre sacral segments, the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
126
Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?
the manatee and two toed sloth
127
Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?
ant bear, and three toed sloth
128
What other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest?
the dorsal segments, the dorsals
129
What does the term "lumbar" refer to?
the loin; the region between the rib and hip
130
What does the term "sacrum" refer to?
the holy bone or holy region
131
What does the term "coccyx" refer to?
a cuckoo birds bill or beak
132
What is the length of a typical male spinal column?
about 70 centimeters or 28 inches
133
What is the length of a typical female spinal column?
about 60 centimeters or 25 inches
134
What is the length between a typical male and female spinal column?
about 3 inches
135
What is the length of the male cervical region (both measurements)?
about 12 centimeters or 5 inches
136
What is the length of the male thoracic region (both measurements)?
about 28 centimeters or 11 inches
137
What is the length of the male lumbar region (both measurements)?
about 18 centimeters or 7 inches
138
What are the three basic osseous parts of a vertebra?
the vertebral body, vertebral arch, and the apophyseal regions
139
What is the general shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine?
cervical- rectangular
thoracic-triangular
lumbar-reniform
140
What is the name given to the compact bone at the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body?
superior epiphyseal rim, inferior epiphyseal rim
141
What large opening is usually observed at the back of the vertebral body?
the basivertebral venous foramen
142
What is the name given to the anterior part of the vertebral arch?
the pedicle
143
What is the name given to the posterior part of the vertebral arch?
the lamina
144
What is the name given to the intermediate part of the vertebral arch where the transverse process and articular processes attach?
Lamina- pedicle junction
145
What is that name given to the feature located at the upper and lower surfaces of the pedicle?
superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure;
| Inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
146
What is the generic orientation of the pedicure at each region of the spine?
cervical-posterolateral
thoracic posterior, slight lateral
lumbar-posterior
147
What ligament will attach to the lamina?
the ligamentum flavum
148
What is the name given to abnormal bone at the attachment site of the ligamentum flavum?
para articular process
149
What classification of bone will para-articular processes represent?
accessory bone
150
What is the name given to the overlap of laminae seen on X-ray?
shingling
151
What is the name given to the tubular growth regions of the vertebral arch?
the apophyseal regions
152
What names may be given to each apophysis of the spine?
the transverse apophysis or transverse process;
articular apophysis or articular process;
spinous apophysis or spinous process
153
What is the generic orientation of the transverse process or transverse apophysis at each region of the spine?
cervical- anterolateral
thoracic- posterolateral
lumbar- lateral
154
All non-rib-bearing vertebra of the spine retain what equivalent feature?
the costal element
155
What is the name given to the rounded elevation at the end of the transverse apophysis or TVP?
transverse tubercle
156
What will cause the TVP/transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the cervical region?
cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the TVP to accommodate their new position
157
What will cause the TVP/transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the thoracic region?
the growth of the lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the TVP Backward
158
What is the name given to the joint formed between articular facets of a vertebral couple?
the zygapophysis
159
What is the name given to the bone surface at the FRONT zygapophysis?
superior articular facet
160
What is the name given to the bone surface at the BACK of a zygapophysis?
Inferior articular facet
161
What names are given to the part of the vertebra which supports the FRONT of the zygapophysis?
superior articular apophysis
| superior articular process or PRE-zygapophysis
162
What names are given to the part of the vertebra which supports the BACK of the zygapophysis?
Inferior articular apophysis
inferior articular process
POST--zygapophysis
163
What will form the POSTERIOR boundary of a typical intervertevral foramen?
inferior articular process/post zygapophysis
superior articular process/prezygapophysis
capsular ligament
ligamentum flavum
164
What will form the SUPERIOR boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
the inferior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure
165
What will form the ANTERIOR boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
vertebral body of segment above
vertebral body of the segment below
intervertertebral disc
posterior longitudinal ligament
166
What is the method of calculating the angle of spinous process/spinous apophysis?
calculate the angle formed between the undersurface of the spinous process/spinous apophysis and the horizontal plane
167
What is the name given to the normal overlap of spinous processes or spinous apophses as seen on X-ray?
Imbrication
168
What name is given to the opening located withing the vertebral body- vertebral arch enclosure?
vertebral foramen
169
What is the name given to the union of all vertebral foramina into an apparent vertical cylinder?
vertebral canal or spinal canal
170
What is the typical shape/outline of the vertebral foramen at each region of the spinal column/vertebral column?
cervialc-triangular
thoracic-oval
lumbar-triangular
sacrum-triangular
171
What are the segmental arteries?
arteries whose branches supply the vertebra or segment
172
What are the segmental arteries of the cervical spine?
vertebral artery
ascending cervical artery
deep cervical artery
173
What are the segmental arteries of the thoracic spine?
deep cervical artery
superior intercostal A
posterior intercostal A
subcostal A
174
What are the segmental arteries of the lumbar spine?
lumbar arteries
iliolumbar artery
lateral sacral A
median sacral A
175
What are the segmental arteries of the fifth lumbar vertebra?
iliolumbral A
Lateral sacral A
Median sacral A
176
Which branch of the dorsospinal Artery will penetrate the meninges to enter subarachnoid space?
spinal A
177
What are the branches of the spinal artery?
```
osseous a
anterior spinal canal a
posterior spinal canal a
anterior medullary feeder a
posterior medullary feeder a
anterior radicular a
posterior radicular a
```
178
What arteries are observed in the epiduarl space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?
anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
179
What arteries are observed in the epiduarl space near the ligamentum flavum?
posterior spinal canal artery and plexus
180
Which vessel will supply the ventral/anterior nerve rootlet and nerve root?
anterior radicular a
181
Which vessel will supply the dorsal/posterior nerve rootlets, nerve root and nerve root ganglion?
posterior radicular a
182
What is the name given to the artery which lies in front of the spinal cord along its length?
anterior spinal a
183
the anterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?
vertebral a
184
Is the anterior spinal artery a single, continuous artery along the spinal cord?
NO
185
As the anterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?
anterior medullary feeder arteries
186
The posterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?
posterior inferior cerebellar a
187
What is the position of the posterior spinal artery relative to the spinal cord?
it lies in the posterolateral sulcus along the spinal cord
188
What forms the arterial vasa corona ABOVE C3?
right and left anterior spinal arteries
right and left posterior spnal a
4 communicating a
189
What forms the arterial vasa corona C6?
median anterior spinal a
right and left pposterior spinal a
3 communication a
190
What are the intramedullary branches of the arterial vasa corona?
Pial perforating a
| central/ventral/sulcal perforating a
191
What arterial casa corona branches supply gray matter and most of the spinal cord?
ventral/central/sulcal perforating a
192
What is the primary artery supplementing the arterial vasa corona?
anterior medullary feeders and posterior medullary feeders
194
What vessels drain the spinal cord?
pial veins
195
What will pial veins drain into?
venous vasa corona
196
What vessel will drain the dorsal/posterior nerve root ganglion?
posterior redicular veins
197
What veins will lie in the subarachnoid space?
```
pial v,
venous vasa corona
anterior longitudinal veins
posterior longitudinal veins
communicating v
anterior medullary v
posterior medullary v
anterior radicular v
posterior radicular v
```
198
What veins are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?
anterior internal vertebral venous plexus, basivertebral v
199
What veins are observed in epidural space near the ligamentum flavum?
posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
200
What venous vessels are identified in the intervertebral foramen?
intervertebral veins
201
Idendtify the meninges of spinal cord (spinal medulla or medulla spinals) and the commonly accepted meaning of each.
Dura mater- tough mother
arachnoid mater- spider mother
pia mater-tender mother
202
Name and locate each space formed between the osseous vertebral foramen and the spinal cord (spinal medulla or medulla spinalis)
epidural space- between the vertebral foramen and dura matter
subdural space-between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space-between the arachnoid mater and pia matter
203
What is the name given to the fluid withing the epidural space?
interstial fluid
204
Which of the content of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body?
anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
basivertebral vein
recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral, sinus vertebral N
posterior longitudinal ligament
Hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments
205
Which of the contents of teh epidural space are more likely located near or around the posterior longitudinal ligament?
anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
basivertebral vein
recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral, sinus vertebral N
Hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments
206
Which of the contents of the epidural space will be found near the lamina?
posterior spinal canal artery and plexus
posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
ligamentum flavum
207
What is the name given to the fluid present within the subdural space?
serous fluid
208
What is the name given to the fluid with the subarachnoid space?
cerebrospinal fluid
209
What is the name given to the lateral extension of pia mater along the spinal cord?
dentate (denticulate) ligament
210
What is the unique feature of veins along the spinal canal?
they lack the bicuspid valve of typical veins
211
Where is the greatest traverse diameter of the spinal cord?
C6
212
In which plane will the diameter of the spinal decrease from C2-T1?
midsagittal or anterior -posterior plane
213
What spinal nerves originate from the lumber enlargements?
L1-S3 spinal nerves
214
What is a generic cord level of origin- vertebral level combination for the lumbar enlarement?
L1,L2 cord levels=T9 vertebra
L3,L4= T10
L5,S1= T11
S2,S3=T12
215
What is the caudal end of the spinal cord called
canus medullaris
216
What spinal nerves originate from the conus medullaris
typically S4 S5 and Co1
217
In which vertebral foramen will the conus medullaris typically be observed?
L1
218
What is the continuation of pia mater below the conus medullaris called?
filum terminal internum
219
What is the name given to the nerve roots below L1?
Cauda equina
220
What is the continuation of pia mater below the conus medullaris called?
filum terminale internum
221
What is the location and name given to the area where all meninges first converge at the caudal part of the vertebral column?
typically S2, the dural cul de sac
222
Neural tissue has been identified in what part of the filum terminale?
proximal part of the filum terminale internum
223
What is the fate of neural tissue identified along the filum terminale internum?
it joins peripheral nerve roots of spinal nerves as high as L3 and as low as L4
224
What does the neural tissue associated with the filum terminale externum appear to innervate?
lower limbs and external anal sphincter
225
The last arterial vasa corona creates what feature on angiogram?
cruciate anastomosis
226
What is the name given to the condensation of meninges below S2?
filum terminale externum
227
What is the name given to the caudal attachment of the meninges?
coccygeal medullary vestige
228
What is the name given to the condition in which the conus medullaris is located beow L1 and the filum germinal is thickend?
tethered cord syndrome
229
What is the relationship between scoliosis and tethered cord syndrome?
it is suggested that the column will change normal curvatures to mitigate damage to the spinal cord
230
What is the relationship between spanal nerve number, rib number and vertebral number in a thoracic intervertebral foramen?
the spinal nerve number relates to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple
rib relates to lower segment #
231
What are examples of an osseous fissure?
Superior orbital fissure primarily of the sphenoid bone and inferior orbital fissure of the- Palatine, Zygomatic, Sphenoid, Maxillary bones
