EXAM 1 (3.1, 6, 8)

Question 1

DNA is packaged into

Answer 1

chromosomes

Question 2

our entire compliment of DNA is called the

Answer 2

genome

Question 3

locations on chromosomes that code for proteins are called

Answer 3

genes

Question 4

specific genetic sequence at a gene location is an

Answer 4

allele
(but note gene and allele are often used interchangeably)

Question 5

our ______ is responsible for the proteins we produce

Answer 5

DNA

Question 6

_____ is the term we use for all of our genetic material

Answer 6

genome
(excluding mtDNA found in the mitochondria)

Question 7

______ are genes that show specific sequence variation from person to person

Answer 7

alleles
(think hair
everyone has the gene for hair, but some people have different variations (ie color, texture, length, this is what makes an allele and allele)

Question 8

DNA (a persons specific genotype), is the basis of all measurable characteristics, also called

Answer 8

phenotype

Question 9

the set of observable characteristics of an individual from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

Answer 9

phenotype

Question 10

genes code for ______, and those ______ influence our traits

Answer 10

proteins

Question 11

our individual genome is the basis for our individual ________

Answer 11

phenotype

Question 12

change in inherited characteristics found on a population over time

Answer 12

evolution

Question 13

alleles (form of a gene) represented in a population change across generations

Answer 13

evolution

Question 14

______ is a change in gene/allele frequencies over time

Answer 14

evolution

Question 15

natural selection

Answer 15

the force that leads to the evolution of adaptive traits

Question 16

adaptive traits

Answer 16

a trait that contains some benefit to the individual with that trait/success of a particular environment

Question 17

filtration of genes occurs through time because some alleles - due to effects they have on the bodies they inhabit - replicate themselves better than others

Answer 17

the process of natural selection

Question 18

adaptations arise through natural selection true or false

Answer 18

true

Question 19

change which results because a specific allele is better able to replicate itself relative to others

Answer 19

adaptive trait
(ex: organism is better able to escape predators, find food, and ultimately, reproduce = that allele is going to be more represented in the next generation)

Question 20

what’s needed for evolution by natural selection?

Answer 20

• variation in traits exists
  -this variation is heritable
• there is differential success (survival/reproduction) based on these traits

Question 21

________ evolution is based on differential survival and reproduction

Answer 21

adaptive

Question 22

some traits are vestigial, in other words

Answer 22

useless

Question 23

a trait that has evolved to be functionless (like a belly button) is a _______ trait

Answer 23

vestigial

Question 24

_______ _______ selects the best existing alternative that is sufficient to “solve the problem”, it doesn’t not create solutions, and is reactive, not proactive

Answer 24

natural selection

Question 25

define memory

Answer 25

- all information in the mind - the capacity to store and retrieve that information - means by which learning occurs

Question 26

3 forms of memory

Answer 26

1. sensory memory 2. short term (or working) memory 3. long term memory

Question 27

where does maintenance rehearsal happen

Answer 27

working memory (short term)

Question 28

where is attention needed in the modal model of the mind

Answer 28

attention is needed from sensory to short term working memory

Question 29

information stays in the working memory through a process of

Answer 29

maintenance rehearsal

Question 30

where is information encoded in the mind via the modal model of the mind

Answer 30

information is encoded from short term (or working) memory into long term memory if it has been paid attention to in the sensory memory

Question 31

where does retrieval happen

Answer 31

from long term into working memory and then is encoded back into long term memory, note this is where misinformation of past events can occur, changing little details every time you recall and event

Question 32

echoic memory is

Answer 32

is accessing the last few words of speech and repeating them back as "proof" of their listening

Question 33

information moves out of sensory memory into our working memory (and our awareness) because of _______

Answer 33

attention

Question 34

true or false the more we focuse on a part of events, the less we notice other things going on

Answer 34

true

Question 35

we can only know something, and consider it in our working memory, if ______________________

Answer 35

we pay attention to it

Question 36

anything we pay attention to __________ into the working memory

Answer 36

moves/enters

Question 37

repeating information to store information into the working memory is called

Answer 37

rehearsal

Question 38

_________ memory is where we use conscious perception and thought

Answer 38

working memory, short term

Question 39

what is a phonological loop

Answer 39

verbal information that is generally 7 items and has a 2 second limit

Question 40

what is visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 40

visual storage, spatial movement planning

Question 41

verbal information is encoded largely ____________ in working memory

Answer 41

phonologically

Question 42

there is _____ interference between a visual and spatial task

Answer 42

less

Question 43

there is _____ interference between two visual tasks

Answer 43

more

Question 44

two types of explicit memory

Answer 44

episodic ( your own experiences ) and semantic ( word meanings, facts, general knowledge )

Question 45

what type of memory is explicit

Answer 45

declarative and conscious memories

Question 46

two types of implicit memory

Answer 46

procedural memory ( motor skills, rules ) priming ( activation of concepts in long term memory)

Question 47

what type of memory does classical conditioning affect

Answer 47

implicit memory

Question 48

who is H.M, what was he being treated for

Answer 48

Henry Molaison, treatment for epilepsy

Question 49

what type of amnesia did Henry Molaison have

Answer 49

moderate retrograde amnesia, and anterograde amnesia

Question 50

recall is ________ in memory

Answer 50

reconstructive

Question 51

what an individual chooses to focus on and how they interpret events are influenced by the past _________ and _________ upbringing

Answer 51

history, cultural humans are not neutral observers for example, unconscious stereotypes we hold change how we interpret the behavior of others

Question 52

everything in memory is filtered by ________

Answer 52

attention

Question 53

attention can become _______ during high emtion

Answer 53

hyper-focused

Question 54

types of memory errors

Answer 54

schemas, suggestion, source confusion schemas - expected associations suggestion - framing of questions source confusion - forget where one acquired info, not sure if right

Question 55

schemas are an individuals concept of

Answer 55

how they think the world should work we are biased in both our perception and recall based on our own schemas

Question 56

when a memory is unclear, it's prone to _________ from the individual

Answer 56

suggestion

Question 57

misinformation can lead to the formation of __________________

Answer 57

false memories

Question 58

__________ can happen to a memory if questioning is leading, provides information, or demands responses

Answer 58

corruption

Question 59

some details of a memory _______ over time

Answer 59

fade

Question 60

classical conditioning is also called

Answer 60

pavlovian conditioning

Question 61

operant conditioning is also called

Answer 61

instrumental conditioning

Question 62

conditioning based on our ability to experience the consequences of our actions, and to modify behavior accordingly

Answer 62

operant conditioning

Question 63

an automatic, unlearned response is

Answer 63

a reflex

Question 64

classical conditioning always starts with a _________

Answer 64

reflex a natural relationship between a stimulus and a response

Question 65

a natural relationship between a stimulus and a response is

Answer 65

a reflex

Question 66

conditioning that occurs when there are behavior changes due to consequences of past behaviors

Answer 66

operant conditioning

Question 67

what does SRO mean what's it associated with

Answer 67

Stimulus Response Outcome used in operant conditioning

Question 68

________ a procedure used to train a behavior that is unlikely to be spontaneously appear by itself, rewards successive aproximations

Answer 68

shaping

Question 69

reinforcement _________ responding

Answer 69

increases

Question 70

punishment ____________ responding

Answer 70

decreases

Question 71

positive contingency

Answer 71

outcome added upon performance of behavior

Question 72

negative contingency

Answer 72

outcome removed upon performance of behavior

Question 73

what type of learning is thought of as a form of complex operant conditioning

Answer 73

observational learning

Question 74

a type of conditioning when an individual learns by observing consequences of another

Answer 74

observational learning

Question 75

do known behavior when you see someone else do it is

Answer 75

social facilitation - you know how to do the behavior already, but engage in it because you see someone else doing so. For example, looking at the sky because everyone around you is

Question 76

interact with stimulus after you see someone else doing so (can aid operant conditioning)

Answer 76

stimulus enhancement - interacting with something because you see someone else doing so. Example is if you start looking at someone’s phone because you see they are looking at it.

Question 77

learn new behavior by watching someone else

Answer 77

true imitation - this is a behavior that is totally new to you, that you do because you see someone else doing it.

Question 78

social learning theory via Bandura & Walters

Answer 78

the idea is that individuals learn not only directly learn through their classical and operant experiences, but also indirectly by observing and imitating others.

Question 79

via the social learning theory by bandura and walters, what early experiences shape behavior

Answer 79

- classical and operant conditioning - observational learning and imitation

Question 80

perception of reward/punishment of a behavior highly predicts whether ________ occurs

Answer 80

imitation

Question 81

what are adams two stage theory of motor skill learning

Answer 81

stage 1 - verbal-motor stage - learn how the movement "feels" - feedback helps you learn the correct trace stage 2 - motor stage - feedback not required after perceptual trace is learned - learner compares performance to learned "feeling" note: 1. feedback only really necessary when you are initially learning a skill 2. too little feedback here, and skill decays 3. too much feedback here, learner won't focus on and learn perceptual trace