exam 1 Flashcards
(176 cards)
1
Q
endocardium is thickest in the
A
atria
2
Q
perkinjie fibers have very less dense
A
myofibrils
3
Q
bright stains on epicardium indicate the presence of
A
blood vessels
4
Q
cardiac cells as as a functional sync due to the presence of
A
intercalated discs
5
Q
the nucleus of cardiac muscles are located where
A
centrally
6
Q
intercalated discs are only found on what cell type
A
cardiac
7
Q
transmission of impulses in cardiac cells is due to the gap junctions btw
A
intercalated discs
8
Q
purkinjie fibers use this energy source
A
glycogen
9
Q
chambers of the heart are lined with
A
squamous epithelium
10
Q
posterior trachea is made of
A
smooth muscle
11
Q
columnar cells of trachea are lined with
A
cilia
12
Q
purpose of cilia anywhere in resp tract
A
to expel mucous out
13
Q
difference btwn terminal and resp bronchioles is
A
resp bronchioles have cuboidal epithelium with some alveoli
14
Q
alveoli are made primarily of
A
squamous cells
15
Q
these produce surfactant
A
pneumocyte
16
Q
in infants, contraction of the diaphragm is different how
A
in adults, contraction results in decreased pressure and increased thoracic space, it is opposite in infants
17
Q
Lack of O2 is
A
anoxia
18
Q
lack of breathing
A
apnea
19
Q
normal breathing at rest
A
eupnea
20
Q
what is hypercapnia
A
increased levels of PaCO2 (arterial)
21
Q
increased rate of breath is known as
A
hyperpnea
22
Q
increased PaCO2 and decreased PaO2, and decreased rate of breathing
A
hypoventilation
23
Q
so with hyperventilation, you don’t have enough
A
PaCO2
24
Q
true ribs
A
1-7
25
upper ribs do what action
pump handle, ant to post
26
lower ribs do what action
bucket handle (side to side)
27
upper ribs are what plane
frontal
28
lower ribs are what plane
saggital
29
angle of louie is at rib
2
30
what 4 things are different in prenatal blood flow that do not exist after birth
umbilical vein, ductus venosus, ductus arteriosis, foramen ovale
31
coronary vessels are found in what heart layer
epicardium
32
cardiac muscle isn't parallel like skeletal, rather it is in a
series
33
cardiac muscle is highly___ and is only muscle type to have___
striated, intercalated discs
34
resistance in the lungs while in womb is very
high
35
after birth, the resistance in the lungs should
drop
36
majority of prenatal blood travels to the aorta via the
ductus arteriosis
37
1. Oxygenated blood from the placenta flows through the umbilical vein and enters the inferior vena cava through the
ductus venosis
38
what could cause the ductus arteriosis to remain open at birth
lack of arterial O2
39
LCA divides into
circ A and LAD A
40
This type of coronary vessel (vein) dumps into ventricles
thesbian
41
blood flows in the body due to pressure differences btwn
coronary and systemic circulation
42
The heart is innervated by the ___ sx
autonaumic ns
43
Which semilunar valve closes first
aortic
44
newborns have ____ alveolar surface area
less = more time for exchange
45
newborns compensate for breathing issues by doing what (vs adults)
increasing rate of breath instead of increasing depth
46
diaphragm in infants has less type __ fibers
I
47
neonates can experience apnea up to __ sec
20 sec
48
2 collateral back up structures that infants don't possess
pores of kahn and lamberts canals
49
circ A runs where
AV groove
50
LAD runs where
IV groove
51
RCA supplies ___% to SA ___% to AV
60 SA 90 AV
52
nerve to intercostals
ventral ramus
53
most important accessory muscle for breathing
SCM
54
heart lies mainly under which portion of the sternum
body
55
outer most surface of the heart
epicardium
56
funnel chest is aka
pectus excavatum
57
barrel chested pts have issues with
getting air out
58
which position decreases lung space and vol
supine
59
approx normal BP for newborns
70/45
60
5 accessory muscles that elevate ribs
(pets) pec minor, SA, erector spinae, traps (traps indirectly), scalenes
61
nerve to erector spinae
dorsal ramus
62
nerve to scalenes
cervical 3-5
63
nerve to intercostals
ventral ramus
64
expiration is___
passive
65
in adults gas exchange happens at __ level
capillary
66
normal HR for newborn
190
67
normal RR newborn
30-60
68
in expiration, thoracic pressure
increases, forcing air out
69
with COPD pts, in order to get air out, they have to use ___ muscles
abdominal
70
after blood leaves aorta, it goes in what sequence
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
71
nerve to intercostals
ventral ramus
72
nerve to SCM
spinal acc XI (remember traps is the only 2)
73
why is it a big issue if premies get an URI
2 reasons, lack of surfactant to keep alveoli open and healthy and lack of pores of kahn and lambert canals
74
which of the 2 collateral structures connects alveoli
(poka) pores of kahn
75
which of the 2 collateral structures connect bronchioles with alveoli
lamberts canals
76
which side sounds clearer to a clinician, r or l bronchi
right
77
what is considered tachypnea in an infant
over 60
78
what is considered tachypnea in a baby under 12 months
50 or more (then over 12 months it's 40)
79
expiration occurs dt relaxation of ____&_____
diaphragm and intercostals
80
forced expiration uses what 2 muscle groups
abs and intercostals
81
O2 goes from placenta to ____ to______
from placenta, to UV, to IVC
82
O2 goes to IVC from umbilical v via the
ductus venosis
83
The ductus venosis is btwn the ___ & ___
umbilical vein and the IVC
84
atrial gallop
S4
85
___ is above the soft pallate
nasopharynx
86
base of tounge
oropharynx
87
opening of the esophagus
laryngeopharynx
88
order of pharynx's from top to bottom
N, O, L
89
larynx is made of
cart
90
This structure prevents objects from entering the airway
larynx
91
what is the division of the bronchi called
carina
92
right sided bronchi is ___, ___ &___ than left
wider, shorter, straighter
93
most aspirations occur in right side bc
it's wider
94
terminal bronchi denote what (anatomically)
end of conducting airways
95
after bronchioles, the cascade goes
terminal bronchioles, resp bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
96
when babies aren't born with surfactant this is known as
RDS
97
elevates sternum during forced inspiration
SCM
98
membranous sac that covers outer lung surface
visceral pleura
99
membranous sac that covers inner surface of chest all, diaphragm and mediastinum
pariatel pleura
100
which pleura has sensory innervation
pariatel
101
both anterior ventricles are supplied by
LAD
102
coronary sinus dumps into the
right atrium
103
4 main PFT effected by aging
FVC, FEV, FEF, closing Vol
104
resp rate of newborn
up to 60
105
S1 or S2 is loudest at apex
S1 at apex, S2 at aorta
106
ventricular gallop
S3
107
what causes depolarization in cardiac muscle
calcium
108
what causes depolarization in sk muscle
na
109
the plataue in AP in cardiac muscle represents what
depolarization, Ca
110
Na or Ca come ___ while K always goes ___
in , out
111
this delivers impulse from right to left atrium
bachmans
112
nerve to scm
spinal acc nerve XI
113
4 lung functions
FAT E (filter, acid base balance, temp, exchange)
114
segments in both upper lungs
apical, anterior, posterior
115
segments of RML
med and lat
116
lower lobe segments
slap (and then right also has a medial)
117
nerve to trapezius
spinal acc XI and ventral ramus
118
left lung doesn't have a middle lobe, it has
lingular (with a sup and inf portion)
119
when document lung sounds, you must include
seg, side, lobe
120
nerve to scalenes
cervical 3-5
121
why is SA node the pacemaker
bc it depolarizes the fastest
122
medial stinal px is where
lower neck and shoulder
123
trained atheltes with left ventricular hypertrophy may have
S4
124
position to hear S3 or S4
left lateral decubitis
125
myocardium thickness is determined by
amt of work done
126
most blood in prenates enters aorta via the
ductus arteriosis
127
what causes foramen ovale to stay open
increased pressure on Right atrium. pressure in right atrium is supposed to decrease, causing more pressure on left side, causing foramen ovale to close
128
what intervention can cause closure of ductus arteriosis
prostaglandin inhibitor
129
apex and IVS are supplied by the
LAD
130
occlusions of RCA can cause
arrythmias
131
RV means
residual vol
132
kyphosis does what to diaphragm
decreases dome shape = cant get air out
133
sx often effected by aging
pulm
134
sx often effects youth
cardio
135
the vol in the lungs (during exp) when airways begin to close is
closing vol
136
pericarditis often occurs after
an MI
137
off of the circ artery
marginals
138
S1 sound is dt , while S2 sound is due to
S1- closure of AV valves, S2 closure of semilunar valves
139
biggest R to airflow
decreased diameter
140
only the ___ have 2 nerves
traps
141
upper lobe is at what rib
4
142
lower lobe is at what rib
6
143
meconium can lead to
increased pressure on right side = patent foramen ovale
144
if pressure is high in ventricle, what will occur
AV valve is shut off
145
if someone has a clot, ____ structures are effected first
inside out (like upside down tree)
146
what is SE
subendocardial (partial damage)
147
what is TM
transmural (full damage)
148
autoarythmic cells (that effect AP of heart) act like
cardiac (Ca dep, K re)
149
PAP
pulmonary artery pressure
150
PDA
patent ductus arteriosus
151
PVD
peripheral vascular disease
152
SVG
saphenous vein graft
153
PCI
percutaneous coronary intervention
154
SVT
supraventricular tachycardia
155
PAT
paroxymal atrial tachycardia
156
TVR
tricuspid valve replacement
157
VAD
ventricular assistive device
158
WPW
wolff parkinson white syndrome
159
function of SCM (only one to do this)
elevate sternum
160
layers of bv
tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
161
outermost layer of bv
tunica adventitia
162
out to in, what are the layers of bv made of
c, s, e (collagen smooth endothelial)
163
tunica intima is impermeable to large proteins,but small ones like ____ can get in
LDL
164
which layer of bv allows for dilation/constriction
media
165
arteries or veins have the thickest tunica media
arteries
166
2 types of arteries
elastin and muscular
167
this reflects strain on arteries
systole
168
pressure during ventricular contraction
systole
169
reflects ventricular relaxation
diastole
170
MAP reflects
ability of blood to get to tissue
171
DBP + (1/3 x PP) is
MAP
172
these are known as resistance vessels
arterioles
173
capallaries are made of
endothelial cells
174
veins are made of ___ and act as ____
collagen reservoirs
175
arteries have lots of
smooth muscle
176
this bv type has the thickest tunica media
arteries
