Exam 1 Flashcards
(181 cards)
1
Q
A task is the performance of a skill. The skill is either ___, ____, or ____
A
discrete, continuous, or serial
2
Q
Tasks are catagorized as either being a ____, ____ or ____ task
A
mobility task, stability task, or manipulation task
3
Q
Reflex theory believes that reflex chaining is the result of
A
sensory input
4
Q
A mechanical perspective:
Body = a mass subject to external and internal forces
Control is distributed.
Movement synergies control degrees of freedom (i.e., muscles work together as a unit)
Movement strategies regulate/control df
is what theory of motor control
A
systems theory
5
Q
6 steps of motor control framework
A
initial condition, preparation, initiation, execution, termination, outcomes
6
Q
Motor learning cannot be quantifiably measured, rather, it is inferred by
A
the pts behavior
7
Q
The process of aquiring the capability of skilled actions, or aquiring knowledge about the world is known as
A
learning
8
Q
Motor learning results from ____ or ____
A
experience or practice
9
Q
Motor learning process results in a ___ change
A
permanent
10
Q
Type of learning where the subject pairs 2 stimuli together, ex: dog rings bell, dog gets food (bell=food)
A
classical conditioning
11
Q
Classical conditioning is usually associated with
A
survival
12
Q
Trial and error is the concept of this type of learning or conditioning
A
operant conditioning
13
Q
When he presence of a regular stimulus results in a decreased response (stimulus is close together)
A
habituation
14
Q
2 forms of NON associative learning
A
habituation, sensitization
15
Q
When the presence of a repeated stimulus increases response
A
sensitization
16
Q
pain from something that normally doesn’t cause px
A
allodynia
17
Q
increased sensitivity to px
A
hyperalgesia
18
Q
Allodynial and hyperalgesia are ex of what
A
sensitization
19
Q
Motor learning vs motor performance, motor learning creates a ___ change while motor performance creates a ___ change
A
learning - perm
performance - temporary
20
Q
Learning tasks that can be performed without giving conscious thought (like jumping on a bike and going)
A
procedural learning
21
Q
_____ memory or storage of the knowledge of how to do a task without required thought about doing it, which is the concept of procedural learning
A
implicit memory is procedural learning
22
Q
____ memory has to do with declaritive learning
A
explicit
23
Q
Knowing the date, or time, or who is treating you is an ex of ____ learning or ____ memory
A
declaritive learning/explicit memory
24
Q
_____ learning requires awareness, reflection and thought (declaritive or procedural)
A
declaritive
25
Holding a baby above a floor as it begins to march automatically is an ex of what theory of motor control
motor programming theory
26
central pattern generator is the main concept of what theory of motor control
motor programming theory
27
According to motor programming theory of motor control,central pattern generators can be activated without the presence of
stimulus
28
According to motor programming theory of motor control, central pattern generators are mediated where in the body
spinal cord
29
Control being distributed throughout systems that are working synergistically is what theory of motor control
systems theory
30
Downfall of the systems theory of motor control
if one sx is faulty (ex: if person has pulmonary disease, this sx effects all others = maybe cannot walk due to lack of O2)
31
Sx theory of motor control doesn't acct for what two things
involvment of the nervous sx, environment
32
Preferred pattern of movement is what theory of motor control (the body acts as a functional unit)
dynamical action theory
33
The pattern of a horse changing from a trot to a full on run is an ex of what theory of motor control
dynamical action theory
34
Movement is goal directed, specific to a task and env is what theory of motor control
ecological
35
List the 4 main components of the individual
perception, attention, cognition, action
36
what are the 3 main types of tasks
mobility, stability, or manipulative
37
Environments can be regulatory or non regulatory, open or closed. Explain these concepts
regulatory-requires that the movement must adapt
non regulatory- has no constraint on movement itself
open-unpredictable and changing
closed-habitual mvmt in a fixed env
38
are orthotic devices considered to be regulatory or non regulatory env factors
regulatory
39
music would be an ex of a reg or non reg env factor
non - doesnt constrain the mvmt
40
list the 6 MOTOR CONTROL theories
reflex, hierachy, motor programming, systems, dynamic action, ecological (r h m s d e)
41
Who came up with the reflex theory of motor control
Sherrington
42
Sherrington believed that reflexes were the building blocks of ______
complex behaviors
43
3 components that make up the reflex theory of motor control
a receptor, a conducting path, and an effector
44
what is a reflex chain
1 reflex leads to another, which then leads to an effector = movement
45
what is volitional movement
self initiated, without reflex (reflex theory does not acct for this)
46
explain hierarchy theory of motor control
top down process (higher centers -->middle-->lower)
47
One chosing to over ride or voluntarily control is what theory of motor control
hierarchy
48
How the brain integrates sensory input is
perception
49
cranial nerves run from the ____ to ___
brain to sensory structures in the head (eyes, ears)
50
perception integrates all _____ function
nervous sx
51
The individual includes what 4 main components (that can impact movement)
cognition, perception, actions, and the body
52
Cognition is a brain function that incorporates what 3 factors
attention, motivation and emotions of the individual
53
Interventions for all tasks need to include what 2 things
a strategy and adaptations
54
Examining motor CONTROL includes looking at what 3 things
individual, task, environment
55
Examining MOVEMENT itself includes looking at what 3 things
actions, perceptions, intent (or goal) of the individual
56
Basis of PT includes what 2 very basic things
examination and treatment
57
3 types of tasks
discrete, continuous, series
58
This type of task has a beginning and end
discrete
59
This type of task does not have a beginning or end
continuous
60
This type of task is an ordered series of discrete tasks
serial
61
When one's base of support (BOS) stays still is
stability
62
When one's base of support moves
mobility
63
The ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms involved for movement is known as
motor control
64
Factors that limit the variability of movement are known as
constraints
65
Explain movements vs actions
movements is just the body moving, actions are functional movements
66
Walking, balancing are actions or movements
actions = functional
67
Extent of controlled movement is known as
degrees of freedom
68
The more ______ you have, the more df
motor control
69
4 body systems directly related to df
musculoskeletal, integument, nervous, cardio pulm
70
What type of learning uses the hippocampus
declaritive
71
What type of learning requires the cerebellum
procedural
72
Alzheimers disease effects what part of the brain (which alters explicit memory)
hippocampus
73
The ability to demonstrate a skill over time and after a period without practice is known as
retention
74
best measure of motor learning
retention
75
the ability to apply a learned skill to the learning of a similiar task is known as
generalizability
76
I know I can bounce a basketball, and I am handed a volleyball....and then I deduct that I can too bounce the volleyball is an ex of
generalizability`
77
This theory of motor learning believes that the memory of movement helps the individual initiate and correct movement to enhance the outcome through parameters
Schmidts theory
78
Theory of motor control that believes that structuring the task to the environment to match the learner is the optimal way
ecological
79
4 goals of motor learning
retention, generalization, resistance to contextual change, quality of performance
80
Fitts and Posner 3 stage model of motor learning (list stages)
cognitive, associative, autonamous
81
Explain the cognitive stage of learning in Fitts and Posner 3 stage model
the person is trying different strategies in order to find which works best for them
82
Explain the associative stage of learning in Fitts and Posner 3 stage model
When the person is refining the strategy they chose for themselves (their preferred strategy). Improvements are slow to progress in this stage
83
Explain the autonaumous stage of learning in Fitts and Posner 3 stage model
the skill becomes automatic, the performance begins to take into account the environment and other factors
84
What are the stages of the Systems 3 stage model of learning
novice, advanced, and expert
85
Explain each stage of the Systems 3 stage model of learning
novice- here the learner makes movement simple in order to reduce df
advanced- here the learner is releasing some df in order to increase mvmt
expert- here the learner has relased ALL df in order to perfect the movment and coordinate
86
What are the 2 stages to the Gentiles 2 stage model of motor learning
1. understanding what is expected of them for the task
| 2. refining the mvmt needed for the task
87
What are the 4 ways to assess motor learning
Looking at the pts retention, generalization, resistance to contextual change, and quality of performance
88
Idea that learning movement is a generalized program from memory, which involves parameters and outcomes, is which motor learning theory
Schmidts schema
89
The ability to regulate or direct mechanisms essential to movement is
motor control
90
3 main factors that influence movement (or motor control)
environment, the individual, and the task itself
91
Reflex, Hierarchy, Motor programming, Systems, Dynamic action, Ecological (these are all what type of theories) motor learning or motor control
control
92
memory trace of movement with ongoing sensory feedback is which motor learning theory
adams closed loop
93
generalized program from memory with parameters and outcomes is what motor learning theory
schmidts
94
optimal movement to match the specific task and environment is which motor learning theory
ecological
95
Motor learning MODELS
Fitts and Posner 3 stage, systems 3 stage and Gentiles 2 stage
96
the motor learning MODEL whose basis is cognitive, associative and autonomous learning
Fitts and Posner 3 stage
97
The motor learning MODEL whose basis relies on the novice, the advanced and the expert
systems 3 stage
98
The motor learning MODEL whose basis is to understand what the task requires, refine movements for consistency & efficiency
Gentiles 2 stage Model
99
4 main goals of motor learning
Retention
Generalization
Resistance to contextual change
Quality of performance
100
The internal state that tends to direct or energize a system/person toward a goal
motivation
101
2 pre practice considerations to keep in mind before doing tx
the pts motivation, and the concept of the task
102
What does concept of the task mean
the pts belief in their ability to do it (their perception of whether it is too easy or difficult)
103
massed practice and distributed practice have to do with what
intensity
104
what is massed practice
The amount of practice time in a trial is greater than the amount of rest between trials. Massed practice may lead to fatigue
105
What is distributed practice
The amount of rest between trials equals or is greater than the amount of time for a trial.
106
When might massed practice be a poor choice
when the person is easily fatigued (low endurance) elderly or Ca pt
107
2 types of practice that have to do with variability
constant, variable
108
type of practice (dealing with variability) that includes Consistent performance of the same task
May improve performance of an invariable task.
May be fatiguing and monotonous.
constant
109
type of performance (dealing with variability) that includes
Varying the characteristics of the task concept, which
Increases ability to generalize to various situations. it
Involves keeping the main components (rules) of the task consistent
variable
110
Blocked and random practice types have to do with
the sequence or order
111
What is blocked practice type
practicing each task in a block before progressing to a new task. May improve performance, but may not improve learning
112
What is random practice type
practicing a series of tasks in a random order.
| May improve learning, but may not initially improve performance
113
So if you are wanting to improve performance, do you use blocked or random practice
blocked
114
If you are wanting to improve learning do you use blocked or random practice
learning= random
115
Whole task practice vs part task practice
whole task does the entire progression from start to finish, part task you just perform one part at at time
116
T or F, the same areas of the brain that are fired during actual movement tend to be activated during mental practice.
T
117
Using stationary objects, Climbing stairs, or brushing teeth is considered closed or open tasks
closed (predictable, no alterations or unknowns)
118
Which should come first, stability or mobility
stability
119
What is KP and KR
knowledge of performance, knowledge of results
120
Information received DURING the performance is
knowledge of performance (concurrent feedback)
121
Information about outcomes or results from the performance is (after the task)
knowledge of results (terminal feedback)
122
2 main types of feedback
intrinsic, and extrinsic (or augmented)
123
KR and KP are ____ feedback
extrinsic (or augmented)
124
Intrinsic feedback includes what
feedback from their own sensory systems (hearing, sight, touch, proprioception)
125
Why would terminal (or KR) feedback be more effective than KP (or concurrent feedback)
bc as the clinician, you aren't distracting the pt during the activity, you wait until activity is done
126
What would be 4 ways you can alter/progress the simple task of walking
have them close their eyes, alter the surface, alter shoeware, turn head side to side
127
What is the difference btwn spontaneous and forced recovery
spontaneous- no intervention
| forced- there was planned intervention (like PT)
128
What type (or location of) brain lesion damages declarative learning
lesions in the hippocampus
129
Which is more damaging, a single, large lesion or infarct vs multiple infarcts that would equal the single, large one
The single, large infarct is worse
130
WHich offers greater extent of recovery, pre injury or post injury experience
pre (the bottom line is prevention and healthy living is key)
131
T or F, training the involved limb is the most effective way to recover
T
132
Explain compensation strategies
these are strategies often used early on during recovery/early tx that substitute the "once normal" functional tasks with altertatives
133
Explain remediation strategies
These are strategies often used in the intermediate phase of recovery, to promote recovery and improved function
134
Explain motor learning strategies
these Teach permanent, functional motor skills to promote retention,
135
age, characteristics of the lesion, effects of previous experience, pharmacology, are all factors that can effect
motor learning during recovery
136
Motor control involves the ___, the ___ and the__
individual, task, and the env
137
Motor learning requires variable practice to enable ___, ____, ______, and ____
(goals of motor learning)
retention, generalization, resistance to contextual change, and quality of performance.
138
Performing a task at a later time without prompting is
retention
139
Performing variations of the same task (ex: reaching with right arm first then left) is good to achieve what goal of motor learning
generalization
140
What does resistance to contextual cchange mean
the ability to perform a task in various contexts of environments
141
motor control relates directly to what
brain and spinal cord function
142
motor performance is influenced by what
all body sxs
143
individual, task, and env are the components of
motor control
144
What part of the brain must pts have to do mental practice
prefrontal lobe
145
what is most optimal for motor learning, mental, physical or both
both mental and physical practice
146
What are the 2 benefits to mental practice
alleviates anxiety, allows for pt to do even if tired or hurt
147
Which is better for motor learning AND motor performance (distributed or massed)
distributed
148
An athlete training, and doing one task over and over (same each time) is constant or variable
constant
149
Constant tasks are good for pts with what issues
cognitive
150
Although variable practice (vs constant) may not be best to improve motor performance, how does it enhance motor learning
makes it more generalized - adaptable
151
For motor learning, is random or blocked better
random, it engages their thought processes (2 6 9 5 1)
152
Blocked is good for individuals with (1 2 3 4 5)
cognitive issues (blocked is simple and repetitive)
153
When working on walking, is part or whole training best
whole, walking isn't naturally divisible into parts
154
Which type of training (part or whole) involved dividing tasks into individual units
part
155
What is bilateral transfer
transferring a pattern from one side to the other
156
Bilateral transfer increases motor ___
learning
157
Give an ex of when bilateral transfer may be helpful early on
if px is too great in effected side, have them do the motions on uneffected side during that timeframe (as practice) and then transfer the mvmts to other side
158
Are PTs extrinsic or intrinsic feedback
we are extrinsic
159
For optimal motor learning, use KR or KP
KR
160
Why should we as PT's try to limit our feedback during pts activity
bc we want them to figure it out for themselves, set their own patterns
161
Variable, random, KR (less feedback) is best for
motor learning
162
____is a direct experience that allows motor performance of a task
physical practice
163
Would blocked or random be better for adapting to different patterns of coordination
random
164
Those conditions in which KR was provided ________ proved more beneficial for motor learning
less frequently
165
The front of the brain plays a huge role in ____ about and ___ movement
thinking about and planning
166
Part of brain responsible for motor control and coordination
cerebellum (hindbrain)
167
group of nuclei in forebrain that aids in motor control
basal ganglia
168
What is the real reason for brains
movement
169
Motor memory is due to what part of brain
cerebellum
170
Procedural learning has to have a functional (brain part)
cerebellum
171
Part of brain responsible for reasoning and logic
forebrain
172
3 types of retraining
part, whole, bilateral
173
What does associative stage (in Fitts and Posner) mean
them practicing the task, they know what they are doing but they don’t do it efficiently
174
There are 6 motor control theories, 3 motor learning theories, and 3 models of motor learning...list all
6 motor control theories: Reflex, heirarchy, motor programming, systems, dynamic actin, ecological
3 motor learning theories: A, S, E
3 models of motor learning: fitts and posner, gentiles 2 stage, systems 3 stage
175
Explain procedural vs declaritive learning
Procedural- Learning tasks that can be performed without attention or conscious thought (like a habit), easily demonstrated
declarative - requires use of recall memory, requires attention and reflection (time, place, date)
176
```
Automatic
Central pattern generator (CPG)
More flexible than a reflex
Mediated in the spinal cord
Can be activated without sensory stimulation
Is what MC theory
```
Motor programming (they are programmed to do the behavior without thought)
177
factors influencing motor control (mvmnt)
individual, task, env
178
Movement is initiated (creating a memory trace)
Movement provides ongoing sensory feedback
Corrections result from an internalized reference of correctness (perceptual trace). The more they practice, the stronger it is
This is what Model of Motor learning
adams closed loop
179
2 types of practice that have to do with intensity
massed, distributed
180
Constant goes with ___
and random goes with ___
(meaning catagories)
constant or variable
| random or blocked
181
Choose the best category from each component...which ones are best for motor learning
variable, distributed, random, KR, both mental and physical practices
