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Kines > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

primary curve of spine

A

thoracic and sacral

posteriorly convexity

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1
Q

Functions of the spine

A

mobility - movement for trunk, change in trunk posture, motions of ue and le

stability - upright posture, maintain head position, protect spinal cord, protect viscera

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2
Q

secondary curves

A

cervical and lumbar

anterior convex

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3
Q

advantage of curved spine

A

resist higher compressive forces

10x fold increase resistance

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4
Q

vertebral bodies

A

weight bearing

resists compressive forces

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5
Q

neural arch

A

lamninae - protects spinal cord, roof of neural arch, bending forces, contains pars interarticularis (where the force being transmitted is through - between articular processes)

articular processes - 2 superior and inferior facets

spinous and transverse process - increases lever arm

pedicles - transmit tension and bending forces and it increases size

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6
Q

functions of IV disc

A

increase motion and transmit load

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7
Q

components of iv disc

A

nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, vertebral end plate

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8
Q

cartilaginous end plate

A

vertebral end plate us cartilaginous layer that covers superior and inferior surface of disc. strongly attaches to annulus, hyaline cartilage is close to vertebral body, and fibrocartilage is close to disc

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9
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

mostly water
type 2 collagen - resist compression
distributes load to entire disc
deforms when compressed and walls stretch

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10
Q

annulus fibrosus

A 
type 1 collagen 
resists tensile forces
attach to end plate via sharpey fibers
each layers fibers are perpendicular
oriented diagonally criss cross pattern
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11
Q

disc thickness

A

cervical is 3mm
lumbar is 9mm
disc thickness / vertebral body height ratio – greater the ratio greater the movement

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12
Q

IV disc nutrition

A

no blood supply from major arteries
nutrition via fusion
capillary plexus in base of end plate which supplies outer surface

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13
Q

iv disc innervation

A

outer 1/3 to 1/2 of annulus fibrosis

innervated by vertebral and sinuvertebral nerves

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14
Q

interbody joints

A

between vertebral joints

6 degrees of freedom - gliding, distraction/compression, AP translation, lateral tilting, rotation, AP tilting

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15
Q

anterior longitudinal ligament

A

limits extension

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16
Q

PLL

A

limits forward flexion

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17
Q

interspinous ligament

A

limit forward flexion

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18
Q

supraspinous ligament

A

limit forward flexion

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19
Q

intertransverse ligament

A

limit contralateral flexion

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20
Q

ligamentum flavum

A

limit forward flexion

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21
Q

zygapophyseal articulation

A

aka facet joints

contain meniscus that doesnt cover the whole so fats pads are around for shock absorption

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22
Q

cervical zygapophyseal articulation

A

limit rotation and side bending

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23
Q

thoracic zygapophyseal articulation

A

strongest because organs are here/joint stress

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24
lumbar zygapophyseal articulation
limit rotation and lateral flexion
25
coupling motion
association of one motion about an axis with another motion around different axis
26
cervical coupling motion
side bending and rotation to same side
27
thoracic and lumbar coupling motions
side bending and rotation to opposite side | flexion - sb and rotation to same side
28
what does motion depend on
facet orientation ligaments muscle disc size
29
flexion
anterior glide and tilt, foramen increases in size, spinous process separate, anterior annulus compresses, posterior annulus stretches
30
extension
posterior tilting and gliding, forearm narrows, spinous processes come closer, anterior annulus stretches, posterior annulus compresses
31
lateral flexion
laterally tilts, rotates, and translates, forearm narrowed on ipsilateral side, forearm widened on contralateral side, annulus compressed on concave side (side of lateral flexion), annulus stretched on convex side
32
rotation
depends on facet orientation | annulus limits rotation
33
compression
spinous process is coming closer, facet joints, load transmitted through vertebrae (superior to inferior end plate)
34
nucleus pulposus during compression and distraction
tries to expand outwards towards annulus fluid is released with compressive loads fluid is absorbed with distraction
35
thoracic iv disc
similar to lumbar wedged shaped, thick posteriorly, contributes to kyphosis disc / vertebral ration smaller so less motion
36
thoracic spine joints
interbody - flat vertebral surfaces for translation costovertebral costotransverse zygapophyseal - 20 degrees from frontal plane (allowing greater rom into lateral flexion and rotation), joint capsule is more taut than c/s or l/s
37
thoracic ligaments
pll, interspinous, supraspinatus, intertransverse, transverse, alar, tectional - same as before ligamentum flavum and ALL is thicker and larger than cervical
38
upper thoracic spine movements
lateral flexion and rotation ipsilaterally
39
lower thoracic spine movement
flexion | rotation and lateral flexion contralaterally
40
rotation in thoracic region
limited by rib cage ipsilaterally - posterior convex and anterior flat contralaterally - posterior flat and anterior convex
41
line of gravity in thoracic region
anterior which promotes flexion
42
thoracolumbar fascia
surrounds erector spinae and multifidus will be there for comrpression and stability lats and glut max attach there
43
erector spinae muscles
longissimus thoracis and iliocostalis lumborum for extension, ipsilateral flexion, and posterior sheer
44
flexion relaxation phenomenon
relaxation of erecte spinae about 2/3 of flexion rom and then passive structures generate moment arm and take over
45
multifidi
stabilizer
46
intertransversarii/rotatores
proprioceptive
47
function of thorax
stability, protect organs, ventilation, ue and le muscle attachment
48
scoliosis
will limit rom of rib cage and spine and decrease ventilatory abilities named by the side of convexity rib hump on side of convexity - for example, right sciolosis: vertebral body will rotate to the right causing right transverse process to have posterior displacement and right rib and anterior displacement of opposite side
49
costotransverse articulation
t1-t6 convex on concave rotation t7-t10 flat and gliding t11-t12 no articulation
50
costovertebral articulation
1,10,11,12 most mobile | rotation and gliding
51
what does movement of ribs depend on
types and angles of articulations movement of manubiosternum elasticity of costal cartilages
52
kinematics of ribs 11-12
axes of rotation is closer to frontal plane
53
upper ribs kinematics
axes of rotation to frontal | movement at sagital plane
54
lower ribs kinematics
axes of rotation closer to sagittal plane | movement in frontal plane
55
1st rib kinematic
movement at costotransverse | superiorly and posteriorly
56
ribs 2-7 kinematic
pump handle superiorly and anteriorly increases AP diameter
57
ribs 8-10
bucket handle moves laterally increases lateral diameter
58
diaphragm
quiet and primary inspiration costal fibers attach to fibs crural fibers attach to L1-L3 inspire - diaphragm descends, increases abdominal pressures, bucket handle of lower ribs
59
intercostals
quiet inspiration lift rib cage up recruited superiorly to inferiorly
60
scalene
quiet inspiration | lifts the first two ribs
61
COPD
flat diaphragm pulls rib in barrel chest uses accessory muscles - scalenes (overused bc already for quiet inspiration) and scm (shortened)
62
anterior atlanto occiptial and antlantoaxial membrane
Continous of ALL and limits extension
63
Tectorial ligament
continuous of PLL and limits forward flexion
64
Atlas
C1, superior facets concave and lie in horizontal plane, inferior facets convex, facets for dens
65
axis
c2, superior facets face upward and laterally | inferior facets face anteriorly
66
transverse ligament
limits anterior displacement of c1 on c2 | decrease integrity with RA and down syndrome
67
alar ligament
tightens with flexion, limits bilateral flexion, contralateral flexion
68
cervical intervertebral disc
``` different than lumbar not arranged in alternating layers thick anteriorly laterally minimum annulus posterior laterally nucleus is contained by PLL contains uncovertebral joints annulus is not stressed with flexion and rotation herniation will cause damage to PLL ```
69
lower cervical region
zygapophyseal joints joint capsule is loose oriented 45 degrees from horizontal plane
70
functions of cervical spine
motion and protects spinal cord
71
atlanto-occipital joint
yes movement convex on concave so during flexion - occipital rolls forward and glides posteriorly 10-30 degrees
72
atlantoaxial joint
rotation 45 degrees to both sides, 55-58 percent total motion alar ligament
73
what limit extension in cervical region
zygapophyseal joint | iv disc
74
what limits flexion in cervical region
posterior ligaments between spinous process
75
trapezius
extension ipsilateral lateral flexion contralateral flexion
76
levator scapulae
ipsilateral flexion and rotation posterior sheer increases activity with forward head
77
scalenes (cervical region)
``` frontal plane stabilizers assist with breathing flexion ipsilateral flexion contralateral rotation ```
78
longissimus capitis and cervicis
compression stabilize head frontal plane stabilizers
79
suboccipital muscles
occipital extension ipsilateral rotation and lateral flexion proprioceptive fine tune motion
80
splenius capitis and cervicis
prime mover extension and ipsilateral rotation not active at rest source of headaches
81
SCM
ipsilateral flexion | contralateral rotation
82
longus capitis and colli
compression of cervical spinen | stabilizers, synergy with upper traps
83
articulation surfaces of tmj
condyles of mandible sit in mandibular fossa postglenoid tubercle posteriorly articular eminence anteriorly incongruent joint because mandible and articular eminence are both convex
84
mandibular fossa
thin bone | not good for joint surface because it isnt strong
85
articular eminence
primary articular surface high force when biting no hyaline cartilage contains fibrocartilage for repair and remodel
86
why do we need tmj articular disc
needed for incongruent joint | divides into superior and inferior tmj
87
superior tmj
for gliding | articular eminence and superior disc
88
inferior tmj
hinge joint | mandibular condyle and inferior surface disc
89
purpose of tmj articular disc
``` increase stability minimize loss of mobility reduce friction decrease biomechanical stresses has collagen, glycosaminoglycans, elastin -- cannot repair and remodel ```
90
tmj articular disc attachments
medial and lateral poles of condyle condyle will rotate and then anterior or posterior displacement anterior joint capsule - restrict posterior translation lateral pterygoid - superior portion will help close mouth
91
superior lamina
has elastic properties allowing it to move disc anteriorly when opening mouth and reposition it back when closing mouth
92
inferior lamina
limit forward translation when mouth is being opened
93
tmj joint capsule
loose anterior, medially and posteriorly. anteriorly is where it dislocates the most strong laterally innervated and vascularized so it tells a lot of information on movement and position
94
tempormandibular ligament
broken down into 2 parts limits: downward, posterior motion of mandible and rotation during mandibular depression (attached to mandibular condyle)
95
stylomandibular ligament
weakest | limits protusion
96
sphenomandibular ligament
prevents excessive anterior translation inside strong ligament
97
depression opening)
rom 40-50 mm or 2 pip rolls first - anteriorly, between mandibular condyle and inferior disc glides second - anteriorly, between superior disc and articular eminence
98
elevation (closing)
opposite of opening so glides first and then rolls | lateral pterygoid - attaches to anterior disc and eccentrically contracts when closing
99
protrusion
articular eminence and superior disc lower teeth pass upper teeth important for opening limited by bilaminar retrodiscal tissue
100
retrusion
articular eminence and superior disc important for closing limited by tm ligament and compression of retrofdiscal area
101
lateral excursion
rom 8-11 mm - full width of one upper incisor ipsilateral condyle will spin in transverse plane contralateral condyle will translate anteriorly
102
deviation
s curve mandible moves away from midline returns to midline
103
deflection
c curve | mandible moves away from midline and does not return
104
temporalis
closing retrusion ipsilateral rotation
105
masseter
closing | retrusion
106
lateral pterygoid
protrusion contralateral deviation eccentric control when closing mouth
107
medial pterygoid
closing protrusion contralateral deviation
108
suprahyoid group
diagastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid | mandibular depression
109
infrahyoid group
omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid | stabilize hyoid
110
resting posture of tmj
1.5 to 5.5 mm of opening | tmj stressed decreased
111
forward head posture impacting tmj
rotates head posteriorly retrudes jaw compresses retrodiscal tissue massication muscle overworked to close jaw

Kines (1 decks)

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