Exam 1

Question 0

James Hutton developed what doctrine?

Answer 0

Doctrine of uniformitarianism
In 18th century

Which is all chemical and physical laws that operate today were also operating in geological past

Question 1

What is the doctrine of catastrophism

Answer 1

All land forms on earth were produced by catastrophic events

Question 2

List the stages of the nebular hypothesis

Answer 2

Stage 1 contraction of nebula
Stage 2 rotation and flattening of nebula 
Stage 3 formation of planetary rings
A) inner rings - rocky to metallic 
B) outer rings - gaseous
Stage 4 accretion of the planetary rings

Question 3

Explain Stanley millers experiment of 1953

Answer 3

He recreated an early atmosphere add electricity and created amino acids (proteins necessary for DNA)

Question 4

Two sources of energy for natural disasters?

Answer 4

Internal and external energy

Question 5

List the internal energies

What is the external energy?

Answer 5

Impact energy
Gravitational energy
Radioactive energy

External energy comes solar radiation

Question 6

The lithosphere contains

Answer 6

Oceanic crust( composed of basalt)and continental crust (similar to granite)

Question 7

Describe at asthenosphere

Answer 7

It is hot, weak , mobile

Question 8

What makes something a mineral

Answer 8

It has to naturally occurring

Inorganic (can’t be a product of living things)

Solid

Specific chemical composition

Crystalline structure

Question 9

List the main rock types

Answer 9

Sedimentary
Metamorphic- alteration of other rocks by high temps and pressures
Igneous (basalt and granite are common igneous rocks)

Question 10

What is relative dating

Answer 10

Determining the age of rock relative to other rocks

Question 11

What is absolute dating

Answer 11

It is radiometric dating

(Unstable parent decays to produce daughter product ) half life

Question 12

Continental margins are

Answer 12

At the edges of all ocean basins and can contain
A) wide and shallow continental shelves
B) narrow and deep oceanic trenches

Question 13

List the plate tectonic boundaries

Answer 13

Divergent boundaries- moving away from each other

Convergent boundaries- moving toward one another (oceanic crust is destroyed)

Transform boundaries- plates sliding past each other

Question 14

What drives the asthenosphere to move lithosphere

Answer 14

Convection (heat rising and cold dropping)

Question 15

Alfred Wagner is credited for what hypothesis?

Answer 15

Continental drift (not a real thing)
Believed there was one super continent PANGEA

Question 16

What was wegners evidence for continental drift?

Answer 16

Fit of continents

Fossil evidence

Ancient paleo climates

Correlation of rock structures

Question 17

What is curie point?

Answer 17

The temperature at which a rock becomes magnetized

Question 18

List the stages for plume arrivals

These are for MOR

Answer 18

Stage 1 doming
Stage 2 rifting above dome and basalt volcanism
Stage 3 creation of small linear sea
Stage 4 creation of MOR

Question 19

List three variations of convergent boundaries

Answer 19

1) oceanic- oceanic ex Japan, island arcs, Indonesia, Philippines
2) oceanic- continental ex Andes mtns, cascade mtns volcanic arcs
3) continental-continental ex Himalayan and Appalachian and alps

Question 20

What is atmospheric heating?

Answer 20

A fundament principle where sun rays that are closer to the poles are oblique Rays (not direct) and the equator get direct sun light

Question 21

Coriolis effect is

Answer 21

Tend to bend to the right on norther hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere

Question 22

Global wind patterns

Answer 22

Air rises it expands and cools producing overcast and rainy conditions

Air descends it compresses and warms producing clear skies and dry conditions

Question 23

Name the cells of convention

Answer 23

Hadley
Ferrel
Polar

Question 24

Doldrums is

Answer 24

``` Low pressure belt (around the equator) No air (dead) ```

Question 25

Horse latitude is

Answer 25

No wind belt with high pressure | There are two 30 degrees from equator

Question 26

Air masses

Answer 26

cP- cold and dry mP- cold and wet cT- hot and dry mT- hot wet

Question 27

Jet stream

Answer 27

High (30k-40k) fast moving air

Question 28

Me the types of weather fronts

Answer 28

Cold fronts Warm Occluded fronts

Question 29

Name the stages of the evolution of a thunderstorm

Answer 29

Early stage- clouds build, actively rising cumulus cloud (no rain) Mature stage- it has both updraft and downdraft. Moisture becomes heavy and falls (heavy precipitation) Dissipating stage- end of storm light rain falls (downdraft)

Question 30

Ingredients for a tornado

Answer 30

cP air mT air Jet stream They developed from supercell storms

Question 31

Equivalent storms to hurricanes

Answer 31

Typhoons- western pacific | Cyclones- Indian oceans

Question 32

Evolution of storms starts with

Answer 32

Tropical depressions 23 mph Tropical storms 40 mph Hurricane 74 mph

Question 33

Hurricanes are low pressure systems | That rotate

Answer 33

Counter clockwise in northern hemisphere | Clockwise in souther hemisphere

Question 34

Eye Of the storm is

Answer 34

Hi pressure

Question 35

Hurricanes cause damage from

Answer 35

Wind damage Flooding Storm surge