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Personality Theory > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 Aspects of Personality

A

External - persona=mask, how others see us
Unique -distinctive internal properties
Enduring- stable over time, aberrent behaviors do not reflect change in personality, not always expressed- environment may inhibit or enhance personality

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2
Q

Definition of Personality

A

system of characteristics that contribute to consistency in thoughts, feelings & behavior over time/place

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3
Q

5 Theories of personality

A
  • Psychodynamic- Freud, Jung, Adler, Horney, unconscious, deterministic, past focused
  • Learning- Skinner, learning theory, conditioning, classical/operant, reinforcement
  • Humanistic- Rogers, Maslow- self-actualization, pyramid of needs, natural progression of psyc growth
  • Cognitive- Kelly, Bandura, how people process info about self/world, schemas, attribution
  • Biological- Allport, Cattell & Eysenick, Anatomy, genetics, evolutionary influences, activity in body, brain, NS relates to behaviors
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4
Q

Personality Assessment (6)

A

• Self-Report Inventories- MMPI, Ca Psyc Inventory, big 5
adv: objective scoring, low cost
disadv: affected by reading level, attention span, social desirability
• Online Test Administration- online version of self-report
adv: less time consuming, cheap, not limited by location, people posture less, divulge more info
disadv: computer literacy needed, less oversight
• Projective Tests- ambiguous stimulus
Rorschach- starts B/W, advances to color, 10 slides, all he could afford to make
TAT- risqué image, client interprets
Word Association, sentence completion
adv: unique
disadv: low reliability & validity, different evaluators get different scores
• Clinical Interviews
past/present experiences, social relationships, reasons for seeking support
adv: personally tailored, lots of non-verbal info
disadv: subjective, diff theoretical backgrounds find diff conclusions
• Behavioral Assessment
can be in clinical setting or real world
adv: valuable insights (how do they really act?), assessable all ages, skill levels
disadv: time intensive to watch/operationalize data, subjective, privacy concerns in real world (therapist must watch)
• Thought & Experience Samples
Journaling at intervals, describe social/emotional context, used most for anxiety, ptsd, weight loss, sex thoughts tracking study
adv: out in real world while still private, determine imp. of environment
disadv: easy to forget, failure to respond

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5
Q

Ethnic & Gender Issues

A 
white male theorists/college students subjects
cross cultural factors
limitations of any research/theories?
slang/colloquialisms
familiarity with answer formats
discomfort with process
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6
Q

The Johari Window

A

Grid- (draw) up/down known to others, L/R known to self- gives us open arena, blind spot, hidden area or facade, unknown

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7
Q

Life of Freud

A

Vienna, strict dad, pretty mom, lots of siblings, smart, mom’s favorite, cocaine, clinical neurologist, worked with Charcot (all disorder is sexual), married at 30, 6 kids, abstinent after 41, jaw cancer, ultimately assisted suicide

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8
Q

Life & Death Instincts

A

Life: survival, sex, drives ensure survival, tension fuels libido, cathexis= investment of psychic energy
Death: unconscious wish to die, destroy, aggression

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9
Q

Freud Levels of Personality

A

Conscious- awareness right now, limited aspect of personality
Preconscious - not thinking about right now, but accessible
Unconscious -powerhouse where energy comes from, home of drives and desires, major driving power

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10
Q

Freud Structure of Personality

A

Id- desires, pleasure principle, reduce tension now!!!, source of energy, primary process thinking- childlike, wanting, wishing for what you want
Ego- rational, adult, directs & controls (id=horse, ego=rider), secondary process thinking- perception, recognition, judgment, memory
Super Ego- moral aspect, inhibit id, internalized parental/societal values, includes conscience, ego ideal= develops out of childhood behaviors you are praised for

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11
Q

Freudian Anxiety

A

Reality- objective, things we should fear (alligators)
Neurotic- based in childhood, learn from id/ego conflict, unconscious fear of punishment, “not a good idea”
Moral- id/superego conflict, “it is bad & wrong”, leads to shame and guilt

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12
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A
  • Denial- deny existence of a threat, childish
  • Repression- unconscious removal from awareness, oedipus complex
  • Regression- retreat to earlier time in life
  • Rationalization- reinterpreting behavior to be more acceptable
  • Reaction Formation-expressing the opposite of the id complex
  • Projection- attribute disturbing impulse to other
  • Displacement- kick the dog
  • Sublimation- displace id impulse into socially acceptable behavior
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13
Q

Psychosexual Stages

A

• Oral- 0-1, mouth based, id is dominant
oral incorporative- taking in, love mom, gullible
oral aggressive- teething, love/hate, pessimistic, argumentative
• Anal- 1-3, intro to delaying gratification
anal retentive- hold in, stubborn, stingy
anal agressive- go everywhere, destructive & messy, tantrums, people as objects
• Phallic- 4-5, genitals, superego development
oedipus complex, fixation=castration anxiety
electra complex, , fixation=penis envy
fixation- narcissism, need constant assurance
• Latent- 5-Puberty
rest, personality is set
• Genital- adolescence-adulthood
adult relationships, normal life, conform to societal expectations

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14
Q

Freudian Assessment Techniques

A

case study method, memories, free association (leads to catharsis, resistance), dream analysis (manifest v latent content)

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15
Q

Freudian Questions of Human Nature

A

deterministic, nature & nurture, past focused, uniqueness, growth through psychoanalysis, pessimistic

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16
Q

Freudian Contributions

A

“inescapable force”, pioneer in personality theory, contemporary psych absorbed freudian ideas, importance of childhood, the unconscious

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17
Q

Freudian Criticisms

A

Psychoanalysis long and costly, does not consider diversity, too much emphasis on biology, determinism & sex, ambiguous definitions, not sure if data, recording, tx, publication, theory all match or were drummed up

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18
Q

Life of Jung

A

Switzerland, dad clergy, mom crazy, little sister, lonely (doll), studied medicine/psychiatry, worked with Bleuler, married emma, got rich, neurotic at 38, 5 kids, money in garden, self analysis, womanizer, honorary degreed harvard, oxford

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19
Q

Psychic Energy

A

Jungian Terms
Libido- diffuse and general life energy
Psyche- personality
Psychic Value- freud’s cathexis- how you invest libido

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20
Q

Ego- Jungian

A

Ego- conscious perceiving, thinking, feeling, memory, selective to maintain comfort level

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21
Q

Jungian Attitudes

A

Attitudes- capacity for both, non-dominant affects unconscious
o Extraversion- energy towards others
o Introversion- energy towards own thoughts and feelings

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22
Q

Jungian Psychological Functions

A

Sensing/Intuiting- accepting experience, not evaluating

Thinking/Feeling- rational, judging, evaluating

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23
Q

Jungian Psychological Types

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A

Sensing, Intuitive, Thinking, Feeling

24
Q

Personal Unconscious-Jung

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A

reservoir for material that was once conscious (pre-conscious)- may be forgotten or suppressed

25
Complexes
Jungian, pattern of being organized around a common theme (power), usually unconscious to you, conscious to others
26
Collective Unconscious
Collective Unconscious- deepest level of psyche, accumulation of inherited experiences, mother, birth, death, power, worship, fear dark, evil Archetypes- images of universal experiences in collective unconscious -Persona- mask/public face -anima- femininity, ideal vision of opposite sex -Self- total unity of person
27
Jungian Development of Personality
Development of Personality • Childhood- ego development, distinguish self from others • Adolescence- consciousness dominant, focused on external reality • Middle Age- shift in focus, external to internal, balance consciousness and unconsciousness Transcendence-innate tendency towards wholeness Individuation- fulfillment of capacities to become an individual, dethrone persona, delve into shadow, integration of conscious and unconscious, more universal personality
28
Jungian Assessment Techniques
case studies from memory, symptom analysis (like catharsis), dream analysis (dreams are prospective/compensatory)
29
Jung Contributions
female individuation, midlife crisis, play/art therapy, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
30
Jung Criticisms
difficult to understand, lack internal consistency/systematization, too accepting of occult/supernatural, no experimental psych
31
Jung's big questions
Determinism & Free will, nature/nurture influences, past/present focus, uniqueness fades over time, growth throughout life, optimistic
32
Life of Horney
germany, sea captain dad, religious, domineering, spirited mother, felt rejected by parents, envied big brother, model child, married oscar, 3 daughters, depression in adulthood, US, expanded on Freud, lots of affairs
33
Childhood Need for Safety
primary shaper of personality, not universal developmental stages, can withstand trauma if child feels loved -not all infants feel helpless (like adler said), arises from caregiver behaviors
34
Basic Anxiety
Horney, pervasive feeling of loneliness and helplessness | foundation of neurosis
35
Self-Protective Mechanisms
- more powerful motivator than sex- defend against basic anxiety • Securing affection & love- doing what others want • Being submissive- repress personal desires • Attaining power- security through success • Withdrawing- independence from internal needs
36
Neurotic Needs
* Affection & Approval * Dominant Partner * Power * Exploitation * Prestige * Admiration * Achievement * Self-Sufficiency * Perfection * Narrow Limits to Life
37
Compliant Personality
- Affection & Approval + Dominant Partner | Moving Toward, constant need for approval, dominant person takes charge of their life
38
Aggressive Personality
- Power + Exploitation + Prestige + Admiration + Achievement Moving against people
39
Detached Personality
- Self-Sufficiency + Perfection + Narrow Limits to Life | - Moving away from people, intimacy leads to conflict, feel unique
40
Tyranny of the Shoulds
Attempt to realize an unattainable idealized self-image by denying true self, behave how we should (perfect), comes from idealized self
41
Externalization
defense against conflict caused by the discrepancy between idealized and real self- project conflicts on outside world
42
Flight from Womanhood
feelings of inferiority, wish to be men, can lead to sexual inhibition (fantasies of penetration by adult male- mistrust men)
43
Assessment Techniques- Horney
Case study- opposed to taking notes, tried to be scientific in observations Modified Freud- exquisitely cooperative, constructive friendliness Free Association- attitude toward therapist explains attitudes towards others, inquired about childhood only after evaluating present self Dream Analysis- dreams help solve problems, feeling in dream is important
44
Horney Contributions and criticisms
Contributions Large public following, commonsense appeal, US relevant, feminine psychology, CAD personality assessment & HCTI Criticisms Denied biology, needs soc/anth studies to inform focus on social forces, middle class focus
45
Life of Erikson
1902, germany, stepdad, felt lost, bummed around Europe after dropping out of art school, had a gallery show, ultimately got a job teaching kids for Freud, did Psychoanalysis with Anna, got his girl pregnant, finally married her, moved to Denmark, then Boston, practice specialized in kids, studied lakota & Yurok, worked with vets,
46
Epigenetic Principle of maturation
We all go through predetermined sequence of stages
47
Erikson stages goal
Goal- refocus instinctual energy for needs of each stage, achieve balance
48
Trust V Mistrust
0-1, BS: Hope
49
Autonomy V Shame & Doubt
2-3, BS: Will (determination to exercise freedom & self restraint)
50
Initiative V Guilt
3-5, forming superego, BS: Purpose
51
Industry V Inferiority
6-11, BS: Competence
52
Identity V Role Confusion
12-18, BS: Fidelity, sincerity ego identity- self image is formed during adolescence, identity crisis- failing to achieve a cohesive identity Identity cohesion- comes from having ego identity role confusion=who you are and who you want to be don’t match up
53
Intimacy V Isolation,
19-35, BS: Love
54
Generativity V Stagnation
35-55, teaching, BS: Care
55
Ego Integrity V Despair
55-death, BS: Wisdom
56
Jungian Principles (how motivation happens)
Opposition Principle- conflict between opposition is primary motivator Equivalence Principle- energy redistributed, not lost, redirect or soaked up by unconscious Entropy Principle- tendency toward balance, balance is an impossible ideal
57
Cultural differences between populations
Asia- collectivism, self effacement AA's- Depression, emotion, lower trust/self esteem, better with black therapists Latino- high PTSD, collectivism, low seeking help Women- high depression, social concerns, lower assertiveness, longer & more meds at therapy

Personality Theory (4 decks)

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