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Biology 112 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution

A

Change in population’s genetic structure throughout time

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2
Q

Natural Selection

A

reproduction of the fittest/best adapted individuals, causes evolution through unequal reproductive success

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3
Q

adaptation

A

trait that increases fitness of individual

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4
Q

Evolutionary Fitness

A
  • contribution of individual to next generation, relative to contribution of others
  • individuals can have adaptations, populations evolve
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5
Q

Darwin

A
  • Published in 1859

- Darwin & Wallace independently concluded the same thing

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6
Q

Directional selection

A
  • natural selection favoring a shift towards more extreme phenotypes to adapt to conditions
  • Darwin’s finches-measured thickness of finch beaks. Thick beaks would survive and flourish in dry seasons to open hard shelled nuts, thick beaks lived
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7
Q

Diversifying selection

A
  • selective pressure against intermediate phenotype. For fur, darker or lighter fur, not inbetween color
  • If it keeps up, and groups separate and not interbreed, speciation would occur
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8
Q

Stabilizing selection

A
  • Selective pressure against extreme phenotypes

- example: human birthweight: big babies are healthy until they’re too big

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9
Q

Natural selection

A

Natural selection that results in reproductive success directly rather than indirectly. More offspring means that the traits will be favored in future generations

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10
Q

Intersexual selection

A

Intersexual selection happens between both sexes, it’s a selection that favors reproductive output that favors sexual dimorphism (difference in appearance between sexes)
mate choice-female chooses mate based on mating rituals/appearance

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11
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

Intrasexual selection happs between single sex. Characteristics that favor competition between same sex. Example: male seals fight and compete for beach turf

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12
Q

Genetic Drift

A
  • how evolution can occur
  • random change exaggerated in small population
  • bottleneck effect
  • founder effect
  • Gene flow
  • Mutation
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13
Q

bottleneck effect

A

The chance that survivors with a certain phenotype of a catastrophic population decrease will repopulate and spread that phenotype
fixed alleles-only 1 allele is left (for a given trait)

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14
Q

founder effect

A

a few individuals from a population start a new population with a different allele frequency than the original population
Ex. red and yellow ladybugs on island A, red bugs hop on island B and repopulate

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15
Q

Gene flow

A

sample of other genes gets carried into a new group and offspring are made with new traits
increase gene flow, increase similarity between populations
decrease in gene flow means decrease in similarity
no gene flow means speciation occurs

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16
Q

Mutation

A

Changes in DNA that create new alleles (versions of genes)
Ultimate source of genetic diversity in populations
Beneficial mutations that are actually adaptations sprout through population by natural selection

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17
Q

Evidence for evolution

A

Direct observation
Fossil Record
Biogeography
Comparative anatomy

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18
Q

Anatomic homologies

A

-indicative of evolution from a common ancestor

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19
Q

homologous structures

A

built the same way due to common ancestry differ in function, show evidence of evolution, adapt to different needs
Ex. tetrapods: 4 footed

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20
Q

analogous structures

A

look similar because of similar selection pressure, not common ancestry. Adapt to similar needs

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21
Q

Rudimentary

A

vestigial

evolutionary left overs, non adaptive or useless structures

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22
Q

Comparative embryology

A

Evolutionary-development

evolution of development one cell to an adult

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23
Q

Conserved molecular characters

A

DNA, RNA, proteins
Specific enzymes, e.g. RuBisCo
Turns carbon into sugar in all photosynthetic organisms
specific enzyme pathways, e.g. glycolysis

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24
Q

DARWINIAN EVOLUTION: The Modern Synthesis

A
  • helping us use population genetics and evolutionary theory to see how population generation changes
  • combines field of population genetics with theory of natural selection
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25
Theoretical non-evolving population populations in Hardy Weinberg
Very large population size (no genetic drift) No gene flow (no migration) no mutations Random mating (no mate choice) No selection, all individuals are equal in reproductive success
26
Hardy Weinberg
The point is that sexual reproduction alone (recombining genes) won’t cause evolution in order for the allele frequencies to change, other factors must influence the population
27
Phenotype
outward appearance of a trait (i.e. purple flowers)
28
genotype
alleles present for a trait AA Homozygous dominant Aa heterozygous dominant aa Homozygous recessive
29
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
genotype frequencies p2+2pq+q2=1 p2-homozygous dominant frequency AA% genotype 2pq-heterozygous frequency Aa% genotype q2-homozygous recessive frequency aa% genotype p+q=1 p=frequency of dominant allele in population’s gene pool A q=% of alleles that are “a” recessive
30
Allele Frequencies
p+q=1 p=frequency of dominant allele in population’s gene pool q=% of alleles that are “a” recessive
31
SPECIES
-Species include at least 1 or more populations of organisms with the potential to interbreed with one another but NOT with members of other species
32
Morphological species
based on anatomy/appearance
33
biological species
based on ability to interbreed, concept is based on infertility rather than physical similarity
34
Prezygotic barriers
(Before zygote is formed) | mechanical isolation-ex. black sage pollen structures are different thatn white sage
35
Genetic isolation
incompatible gamete structures will deny genetic proteins
36
Postzygotic isolation
- Hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown - hybrid breakdown-1st generation of hybrids do fine, subsequent hybrid gens don’t do well - hybrid inviability-hybrids just die - hybrid sterility
37
WHAT LEADS TO A NEW SPECIES?
Genetic isolation and genetic divergence Allopatric speciation Sympatric diversifying selection Polyploidy
38
Sympatric diversifying selection
could eventually lead to 2 separate species ecological isolation division of resources
39
Polyploidy
having extra sets of chromosomes involves error in meiosis auto polyploidy-self fertilization alloplooidy-hybridization and self fertilization
40
Types of natural selection
Directional selection Diversifying selection Stabilizing selection
41
Types of sexual selection
Intersexual selection Intrasexual selection Natural selection
42
Comparative anatomy
- Anatomic homologies | - Rudimentary
43
what keeps species separate
- Prezygotic barriers - Genetic isolation - Postzygotic isolation
44
WHAT LEADS TO A NEW SPECIES?
Genetic isolation and genetic divergence Allopatric speciation Sympatric diversifying selection Polyploidy-having extra sets of chromosomes
45
PLANT EVOLUTION
Nonvascular plants --> seedles vascular ferns --> gymnosperms -->Angiosperms
46
Nonvascular plants
- vascular system of plant is used for transport of water and nutrients - plants rely on water for reproduction
47
seedles vascular ferns-large, tree sized
reproduce with spores, rely on water for reproduction, swimming sperm
48
gymnosperms-conifers and needle plants
1st seed plants, but they still have spores like all other plants. Deeds are better at dispersal and are free from water for reproduction. Pollen carries sperm in the air
49
Angiosperms-flowering plants
Dominant. Includes flowers and fruits, they are faster reproducers
50
EUDICOTS
- 2 cotelydons in seeds (usually part of an embryo) - Usually 4-5 floral parts - usually a netlike array of leaf veins - basically 3 pores of furrows in pollen grain - vascular bundles arranged as a ring in stem - palm trees, corn, grasses, orchids, lillies, and tulips are eudicots
51
MONOCOTS
- multiples of 3 petals | - in seeds, only 1 cotyledon
52
TISSUE SYSTEMS IN PLANTS
(all run continually through plant) dermal ground tissue vascular
53
dermal plant tissue
protection, water loss prevention
54
ground plant tissue
middle layer, bulk/meat of plant. Food storage, supports the plant, protects the plant
55
vascular plant tissue
located most internally in plant, moves nutriends, water
56
ROOTS
``` anchor in soil absorb water and nutrients conduct water and nutrients to shoot storage monocots & eudicots stolon roots ```
57
storage in roots
carb chain of glucose molecules, easy to break down
58
monocot roots
have fibrous roots
59
eudicot roots
have trap roots
60
stolon roots
horizontal stems that allow plants to reproduce asexually
61
cuticle on leaf
made of wax, lipid, hydrophobic
62
xylem
transports water and minerals up plant, is dead at maturity. It leaves cell walls behind
63
phloem
transports sugars both up and down plant, alive at maturity
64
collenchyma cells in leaf
flexible, elastic, stringy, and provide support in body parts and growing areas
65
Stopped at GROUND
stopped at GROUND

Biology 112 (1 decks)

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