Exam 1

Question 1

Formal theories

Answer 1

Data collected from large groups of people based on research

Question 2

Personal theories

Answer 2

Data that has been collected from observations of those around us.

Question 3

Issues of human nature

Answer 3

p. 36

Question 4

Research findings regarding cultural differences

Answer 4

p. 33-35

Question 5

What is personality?

Answer 5

The unique, relatively enduring internal and external aspects of a persons character that influences behavior in different situations.

Question 6

Early schools of thought in experimental and clinical psychology

Answer 6

The study of the unconscious.
Freud’s psychoanalysis focused on both feelings and past experiences, both actual and fantasied.

Watson’s behaviorism- respond automatically to stimuli.

Scientific Study of personality. Gordon allport, american psychologist that formalized and systemized personality as a field of study.

Question 7

Psychosexual stages of development

Answer 7

Oral (birth-1) ID is dominate

• mouth is primary erogenous zone
• pleasure derived from sucking

Anal (1-3) external reality interferes with gratification (toilet training)

Phallic (4-5) Incestuous fantasies, oedipus complex, anxiety, super ego development.

Latency (5- puberty) sublimation of sex instinct

Genital: (adolescence-adulthood) Development of sex role identity and adult social relationships.

Question 8

Defense mechanism

Answer 8

Repression: Denial of something that causes anxiety
Denial: denying external threat or traumatic event
Reaction Formation: expressing and ID impulse that is opposite of one truly driving person
Projection: attributing a disturbing impulse to someone else
Regression: Displaying childish behaviors characterized to a more secure time
Rationalization: justifying behavior to make it acceptable and less threatening.
Displacement: directing impulses towards another more available object
Sublimation: diverting instinctual energy into more socially acceptable

Question 9

anxiety

Answer 9

reality anxiety: The fear of tangible dangers

Neurotic anxiety:conflict between Id and ego

Moral anxiety: conflict between Id and super ego

Question 10

Jung’s Issues of Human Nature

Answer 10

• more optimistic than Freud’s.
• Part of personality is innate and part is learned.
• The ultimate life goal is individualization.
• Childhood experiences are important, but personality is more affect by midlife experiences and hope for the future. personality is unique for the first part of life but not the second.

Question 11

Jung’s Developmental stages

Answer 11

Childhood: Ego development beings when the child distinguishes between self and others

Puberty to young adulthood: adapt to growing demands of reality. focus is external, conscious is dominate.

Middle age: personality shift from external to internal in an attempt to balance the unconscious with the conscious

Question 12

animus archetype

Answer 12

masculine aspects of the female psyche

Question 13

anima archetype

Answer 13

feminine aspect of the male psyche

Question 14

archetypes

Answer 14

Images of universal experiences contained in the collective unconscious (primordial images)

ex: hero, mother, child, god, death, power, wise old men.

Question 15

complexes

Answer 15

a core pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes in the personal unconscious organized around a common theme, such as power or status.
-achievement complex: work hard at developing specific talents or skills.

Question 16

attitude and function dimension

Answer 16

attitude: extraversion & Introversion- only one can be present in a personality. Dominate is expressed while the other is suppressed in the unconscious.
Functions:
-sensing, intuition - non rational functions; no process of reason
-thinking, feeling - rational function

Question 17

Psyche

Answer 17

opposition principle: conflict between opposing processes or tendencies is necessary to generate psychic energy.

equivalnce principle: redistribution of energy with in a personality. if the energy expended on certain conditions or activities weakens or disappears, that energy is transferred elsewhere in the personality

entropy principle: tendency toward balance or equilibrium within the personality; the ideal is an equal distribution of psychic energy over all structures of the personality.

Question 18

Instincts ( libido, cathexis)

Answer 18

Instincts are the driving forces of behavior and determine its direction

Libido- psychic energy manifested by life instincts, that drives a person towards pleasurable behaviors and thoughts

cathexis- an investment of psychic energy in an object of person

Question 19

Human Nature

Answer 19

Freud’s views is very pessimistic. we are doomed by anxiety, to the thwarting of impulses and to tension and conflict. the goal of life is to reduce tension.

Question 20

Structure of personality

Answer 20

ID:Freud’s notion of the unconscious. This is the reservoir for instincts and libido.
-operates based on pleasure principles- avoid pain and maximize pleasure. attempts to satisfy instinctual drives

Ego: responsible for directing and controlling instincts according to the reality principle- realistic constraints on ID

Super EGO: internalization of parental and societal values.

• conscious: contains behaviors for which the child has been punishes.
• ego ideal- morals that people should strive for

Question 21

Seduction theory

Answer 21

Freud suppressed the idea that it was child abuse rather than fantasy.
-freud did not believe that his phenomena happened as often as patients claimed.

Question 22

5 approaches to assessment

Answer 22

self report, sujects answer questions, minnisota multiphasic personaluty inventory (MMPI)

• online test administation, surveys
• projective tests: project fears, needs, values, onto their interpertation or descritption of anambiguous stimuli
• ink blot test
• clinical interview
• behavior assessment

Question 23

INFP

Answer 23

introvert 
focuses on others interest 
private and contained 
empathic 
flexiable 
casual