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Survey of Latin America > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Timbre

A

Tone Color (The quality of a sound, determined by a number of factors…)

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2
Q

Meter

A

regular patterns of strong and weak beats.

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3
Q

duple vs. triple

A

Duple (patterns of 2 or 4 beats) Triple (patterns of 3 beats)

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4
Q

sesquialtera

A

common metrical organization in latin American music, mixture of triple and compound duple meter

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5
Q

Accent

A

stronger notes within a melody or rhythm

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6
Q

Texture

A

the way the melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic materials are combined in a composition, thus determining the overall quality of the sound in a piece

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7
Q

Monophonic

A

single melody

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8
Q

Polyphonic

A

more than 1 melody combined or melody and accompaniment

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9
Q

Form

A

overall organization of a musical work – most forms are based upon elements of repetition, contrast, and variation

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10
Q

Strophic

A

same melody repeated throughout : used to set a series of verses

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11
Q

verse/refrain

A

use of a repeating refrain (same text and music) between contrasting versus

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12
Q

call and response

A

usually a single leader vs. a group

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13
Q

developing/through-composed

A

musical material evolves during the piece according to a “composed” or “improvised” plan

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14
Q

Iberian (Spanish and Portuguese)/European

A

Spain, Brazil. Payado de contrapunto (Urguay/Argentine)

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15
Q

Indigenous/Indian

A

Mestizo. Quechua shaman healing song

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16
Q

African Diaspora

A

spreading of Africans largely through slavery. Ewe (Ghana), Ajbekor. Santeria (Cuba), Canto to Chango

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17
Q

Sources of Latin american music from U.S.A. in what forms

A

mass media and music marketing. Arturp Sandolval, Mam-Bop

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18
Q

How was the “new world” brought under Spanish control?

A

Conquered by Moors (Muslims from North Africa). Enslavement of Native American Population, beginning of large-scale African slave trade

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19
Q

slave trade

A

began in 16th century. Began in Spain

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20
Q

Mestijaze

A

(mixture): finely-graduated system based upon racial mixtures of European, Indian, and African heritage

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21
Q

Spanish polyphony

A

sacred and secular styles in 15th-16th century

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22
Q

Style

A

Latin Motets and Mass. Very conservative in 16th-17th century

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23
Q

How was the spanish polyphony used in the “new world?”

A

In churches/mass. Was in Latin because that was the official language of the church. Widely influential in the Americas.

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24
Q

La purpura de la rosa

A

first known opera to be composed and performed in the Americas

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25
Tomas Torrejón y Velasco
Wrote La purpura de la rosa
26
guitar music
Long history in Spain (Introduced by Moors) 6-string guitar (vihuela) popular in Spain by 16th century
27
Flamenco
combination of song (cante), dance (baile) and guitar playing (toque)
- highly emotional songs: poetry partly improvised in traditional forms
28
Flamenco Roots
southern Spain (Andalusia) Moorish, Gypsy, Jewish, and European roots strong influence in several Latin- American styles
29
Flamenco singing style
highly emotional, loud yelling
30
Paco Peña
Foremost traditional Flemenco Guitarist
31
Gypsy Kings
From southern France. Flamenco based songs in Gitane (mixture of Spanish, French, & Roma)
32
Mexico history (selected bits):
majority of population is classed as mestizo (reflected in music as well!) - large minority of Indigenous/Indian cultures. large-scale pre-Colombian Indigenous civilizations. (Maya, Aztec, Olmec, Toltec)
33
Hernan Cortez
Spanish conquistador, led expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec empire.
34
Mexican-American War
Fight for territory of New Mexico, California lower US territories (obviously US won).
35
Pancho Villa
Revolutionary General, commander of the North
36
Indigenous music in Mexico
Jarocho (people in Veracruz, string instruments, cunjunto = band, improvised poetry, call and response Ex: La Bamba), Mariachi (regional music of Jalisco, European style, Ex: Son Jalisciense – most poplular mariachi song).
37
Impact of mexican indigenous music
various styles and unique songs/instruments/concepts
38
What is “folk catholicism?”* (Be able to cite examples.)
Various ethnic expressions of Catholicism.
39
Jarocho
people in Veracruz, string instruments, cunjunto = band, improvised poetry, call and response Ex: La Bamba. Dominated by string instruments
40
conjunto jarocho
(requinto, jarana, arpa)
41
son jarocho
Song, tied to natural identity
42
Ritchie Valens, La Bamba
Most famous son Jarocho, early 1800s
43
Mariachi
regional music of Jalisco, European style, Ex: Son Jalisciense – most poplular mariachi song.
44
Mariachi ensemble
arpa (harp), trumpets(usually a pair), violins (at least 2), guitarrón (large bass guitar).
45
Rafael Mendez
Mexican born trumpeter, mariachi tradition, 1916 Pancho Villa
46
Norteño/Tejano
single culture in “tex-mex” region, centered on the Rio Grande, distinctive musical style emerges in 1920’s. German influence, emotional narrative texts. Influence of polka and waltz, button accordion.
47
Lydia Mendoza
among the first Tejano stars, established style & popularity of the Cancion romantic
48
Ranchera
originally cowboy song, duple-meter polka beat, accordion improvisations between versus, polka style verses.
49
corrido
strophic (narrative ballad) political or topical, sung in duet (usually 2 males)
50
narcocorrido
immensely popuar and controversial from the 1990s onwards, drug culture (glorified) close parallels to “gansta” rap, but retains traditional to Tejano or Banda Style.
51
Chalino Sanchez
Mexican narcocorrido singer, rough life, short lived died at 32.
52
Orquestra tejano (Musica tejano)
(polka and button accordion) instrumentation from American pop music.
53
Selena
Texas native most successful Tejano star to date.
54
Trivial
latest incarnation of cumbia in Mexican pop music – emerges mexico city, later in monterrey and US. Cumbia beat fused with Rave and other world styles, DJing techniques from techno and hip-hop.
55
Kumbia Kings
Cumbia-influenced style, 2003 collaboration with Rock Band, reaction to the experience of Mexican immigrant workers in the US. Blends several styles of Latin American and North American styles.
56
Art music
sacred art music introduced in the Colonial period__
- government effort to create European-style institutions (oper companies, symphony orchestras) in the early 20th century.
57
Carlos Chavéz
Mexican composer and conductor - largely self-taught, “Mexicanist” folk influence. Sinfonia India (his best known work)
58
Central America
diverse set of cultures: both Mestizo and Creole
- Indian languages and spiritualities common.
59
Virgin of Guadalpe
apparition in 
1531
- most venerated saint in Mexico / Central America
60
La Malinche
historical 
figure (d. 1529) – interpreter (& mistress?) of 
Hernan Cortez 
- a symbol of relationships between Indians and Spanish.
61
origins of marimba
(marimba-balafon) Common to many west and central African cultures
62
marimba de tecomates
Guatemalan, solo diatonic instrument - gourd resonators
63
marimba de arco
(Nicaragua) diatonic marimba – characteristic, “kazoo” sound, played in ensemble with guitars.
64
marimba
large keyboard percussion instr. common throughout Central America - wooden keys with resonators
65
son nica
more recent (1970s on) Nicaraguan form: blends marimba de arco music with Mexican-style son
66
La misa campesina nicaragüense
used in Catholic Mass, composed 1974 by Carlos Meija Godoy in the style of the son nica - reflects “Liberation Theology”
67
Rubén Blades
Panamanian Salsa 
Singer / Actor / Activist 
- songs have a bit more social and political edge than most commercial Salsa
68
Colombia
mixed culture, Andean in SE, African and Iberian on coasts
69
Colombia history
heavily colonized 
by the Spanish (gold, 
other resources: Viceroyalty of New 
Granada: importation 
of West African slaves 
- successful war of independence (Simón Bolivar) ends in 1819: Republic of Colombia (included Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama)
70
Simón Bolivar
Venezuelan military and political leader during the Columbian war of independence.
71
“La Violencia”
long period of unrest in columbia (1940s – 1950s) military coups continuing political violence. Rise of heroin cocain trade.
72
drug cartels
rise of heroin/cocaine trade in 1970s: several immensely powerful drug cartels
73
Afro-Colombian music
concentrated on northern coast - preservation of African idioms
74
polyrhythmic
sung dance pieces: drum ensemble + solo singer, call and response
75
Toto la Momposina
cumbia-style song dedicated to the village of Arataca
76
cumbia
popular Colombian & Panamanian rhythm/dance
- widespread in Latin America
77
cumbia origins
developed close ties to Caribbean styles (Salsa, Reggae, Bachata)
- also enormously popular in Mexico (Tejano music, etc.)
78
cumbia broader influence
gaita(s), maracas
79
vallenato
rural music of the northeast
- much more lyrics-based (often harmonized) button accordion, guaracha.
80
Ivo Diaz
vallenato classic (written by Rosendo Romero Ospino) - melacholy song of lost love
81
música llanera
(music of the Llano) music of the NE prairie: distinctive style (joropo) – also heard in Venezuela - traditional ensemble = arpa llanera (diatonic harp), cuatro (sm. guitar), and maracas
82
Venezuela
some governmental support for European art music (orchestras, conservatories)
83
Hugo Chavez
President of Venezuela, 1999-2013,
84
El Sistema
large-scale music education for Venezuelan children, 1970s onwards
85
El Sistema
large-scale music education for Venezuelan children, 1970s onwards
86
Cuba
visited by Columbus in 1492
- Havana established 1515
- Spanish rule until the end of the 19th century
87
Jose Marti
Cuban Revolution, 1895-98 - Spanish-American War, 1898 
- Platt Amendment, 1901: guaranteed U.S. political dominance over Cuba, even after Cuban independence in 1902.
88
Fidel Castro
regime 1959-2008 
- US embargo & mass emigration 1960
, Cuban Missile Crisis, 1961- continued tensions (e.g. Elian Gonzalez 1999)
89
Cuba Instruments
congas, timbales, bata drums, claves, guiro, tres
90
Rumba
Afro-Cuban music/dance form: close ties to West African style
91
Rumba music and dance
flirtatious/sexual overtones
- improvised “call & response” between dancers

Survey of Latin America (5 decks)

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