Exam 1

Question 1

• a molecule whose shape triggers the production of antibodies
• a foreign substance capable of triggering an immune response in an organism

Answer 1

antigen

Question 2

• major function of immune system and is carried out by B cell (type of WBC)

Answer 2

antibody

Question 3

disease- producing ability of a pathogen

Answer 3

virulence

Question 4

transmission of disease by contact

Answer 4

contagion

Question 5

capable of being transmitted

Answer 5

communicable

Question 6

capable of being transmitted, with or without contact

Answer 6

infectious

Question 7

continuously present in the population of a given area

Answer 7

endemic

Question 8

sudden outbreak of infectious disease in a population

Answer 8

epidemic

Question 9

widespread epidemic across many countries

Answer 9

pandemic

Question 10

the branch of medicine that deals with the study of causes, distribution, and control of disease in population

Answer 10

epidemiology

Question 11

new cases of diseases that just developed in a specific population over an observed period of time

Answer 11

incidence

Question 12

existing cases of disease that been in a certain population

Answer 12

prevalence

Question 13

the process of introducing an antigenic substance or vaccine into the body to trigger immune response against a specific disease

Answer 13

inoculation

Question 14

• to immunize against viral diseases
• injection of a killed microbe in order to stimulate the immune system against the microbe, therefore preventing disease

Answer 14

vaccination

Question 15

determination of which 2 or more diseases with similar symptoms is the one from which the patient is suffering

Answer 15

differential diagnosis

Question 16

name some types of diseases

Answer 16

• viral
• bacterial
• autoimmune
• fungal
• parasitic
• prion
• genetic

Question 17

what are first line of defenses?

Answer 17

• cough
• mucus
• skin
• stomach acid

Question 18

what does T cells do?

Answer 18

attack antigens

Question 19

what does B cells do?

Answer 19

form antibodies to fight against specific antigens

Question 20

what are the 3 basic time frames in human evolution respect to diseases?

Answer 20

• nomadic
• sedentary
• scientific age

Question 21

• snail fever

- from contaminated fresh water in which certain types of snails that carries schistosomes live

Answer 21

schistosomiasis

Question 22

what kinds of diseases would NOT affect humans in small, isolated group?

Answer 22

• influenza
• measles
• mumps
• smallpox

Question 23

• lived in close contact with other humans

- closer contact with large amounts of human waste

Answer 23

sedentism

Question 24

causes and effects of sedentism

Answer 24

• food spoilage
• inset bites increased because nests were disturbed
• measles
• mumps

Question 25

all flu vaccines are to designed to protect against _______ viruses which are the most common flu viruses so far this season

Answer 25

2009 H1N1

Question 26

what populations is most susceptible of the flu?

Answer 26

65 years and older

Question 27

which type of influenza have been the most common in the US this season? (2014-2015)?

Answer 27

H3N2

Question 28

what were the name of the 2 antiviral drugs for influenza (2014)?

Answer 28

1. neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir | 2. zanamivir

Question 29

are single celled living organisms that can reproduce, require food and can live on their own

Answer 29

bacteria

Question 30

- are much smaller than bacteria (can only be seen with a microscope) - can't survive on their own and needs a living host to survive

Answer 30

virus

Question 31

during influenza what happens?

Answer 31

- virus attack cells - virus attach to host cell and break in - release genetic instructions in the host cell - enzymes in host cell make genetic parts for new particles - new particles ressemble into new viruses - viruses break free from host cell- sometimes to destroy the cell membrane to get out (LYSIS), - lysis- cell fluids are released - viruses attack muscle cells - body responds to a fever

Question 32

influenza virus contains how many genes?

Answer 32

8 genes

Question 33

spanish influenza of 1918 infected what age group?

Answer 33

young and healthy people

Question 34

spanish influenza of 1918 causes what?

Answer 34

- pneumonia - damages lining of lungs - fluid escapes - prevents oxygen and CO2 from moving in and out of the body

Question 35

list some aspects of baloney detection

Answer 35

- get independent confirmation of the facts - listen to debate by knowledgeable proponents of all points of view - in science, there are no "authorities" whose arguments cannot be challenged - develop multiple working hypothesis then test them - don't get overly attached to an idea - quantify- measure - if there is a chain of argument, every link in the chain must work - occam's razor- EQUAL hypothesis- choose the simpler one - can the hypothesis be falsified? - control experiments - variables must be separated

Question 36

- the observable physical or biochemical characteristic of an organism - determined by genetic make up and environment

Answer 36

phenotype

Question 37

genetic makeup as distinguished from the physical appearance of an organism or a group of organisms

Answer 37

genotype

Question 38

a directional change in allele frequency relative to some specific environmental factors

Answer 38

natural selection

Question 39

movement of genes between populations | INTERBREEDING

Answer 39

gene flow

Question 40

- produced by RANDOM factors having nothing to do with the genetic make-up of the population - bottleneck

Answer 40

gene drift

Question 41

only way to produce "new" variation 1. change in DNA bases 2. change in chromosome number or structure

Answer 41

mutation

Question 42

why don't we see more mutations?

Answer 42

- 90% of our genome doesn't encode for anything as far as we can tell - mutation rates are very low - mammalians have efficient repair system

Question 43

- can get "crossing over" of parts of the chromosome meiosis | - changes the genetic combinations that natural selection can act on

Answer 43

recombination