Exam 1

Question 1

Nebula

Answer 1

Collection of dust and gas in space

Question 2

Nebular Hypothesis

Answer 2

A gravitational pull that creates enuresis that clumps up particles into disks. AKA Accrection.

Question 3

The Moon

Answer 3

Composition: Similar to Earth’s Mantel

Formated by “The Giant Impact Hypothesis” where an asteroid collided into earth.

Question 4

The Earth’s Composition

Answer 4

1. Core: Nickel & Iron
2. Mantel: Peridotite
3. Crust: Granite

OCEANIC CRUST: 2.9 G/cm3
CONTINENTAL: 2.7 G/CM3

Question 5

The Earth’s Physical Properties

Answer 5

1. Inner Core: Solid
2. Outer Core: liquid
3. mesophere: Plastic Characteristics
4. Asthenosphere: Plastic; WEAK; Less pressure
5. Lithosphere: Solid Rock

DENSITY starts at the core and gets lighter outwards

Question 6

Alfred Wegener

Answer 6

(1912) German Meterologist, proposed PANGEA aka Plate Tectonics

Question 7

Plate Tectonics Evidence

Answer 7

1.Fit of Continents
2. Location of the same extinct animal species
3. Location of the same kinds of rocks
4. Past glaciation
MODERN LINES
5.Seismin evidence- Earthquak maps
6.Structural evidence- ridges & trenches
7.magnetic evidence- Strips on seafloor
8.Age of the Seafloor
9.Presence of hot spots- heat builds up @ core-mantel boundary

Question 8

Covergent Plates
Oceanic crust Vs O.c
Continental crust Vs C.C
O.C Vs. C.C

Answer 8

Coming together/ compressing
O.C Vs. O.C : Trenches, subduction zones
C.C Vs. C.C: High Mountains Ex. Himilayas
O.C Vs. C.C: Volcanoes

Question 9

Divergent Plates
C.C Vs C.C
O.C vs. O.C

Answer 9

Going apart / tension
Wilsons cycles: opening & closing of ocean basins
C.C v C.C: Rift valleys
ex. East African Rift
O.C v O.C: Constructive; magma to create new crust
ex. Red Seas

Question 10

Transform

Answer 10

Plates slide across each other / shear

ex. San Andreas

Question 11

Wilson Cycle

Answer 11

Divergent
1.Conception.. E african rift
2.Embryonic...Red Sea
3.Juvenile... linear seaway
4. Mature
^^^Divergent^^^
5.Declining
6.Terminal
7.Suturing
^^^Convergent^^^

Question 12

How fast do plates move?

Answer 12

Speed depends on pace

Question 13

Driving force of plate tectonics

Answer 13

1. Convection «< MOST IMPORTANT
2. Ridge Push
3. Slab Pull
4. Slab Suction

Question 14

Stress

Answer 14

Force per unit area

|&raquo_space;> Strain: change in size in response to stress

Question 15

Rock’s Response to Stress

Answer 15

Elastically: return to shape after stress, deforms permanently after hitting exceeding limit
Ductile: Bending
Brittle: Deformation involves fracturing

Question 16

Outcrops

Answer 16

bedrock exposed at the surface

Question 17

Strike-slip Faults

Answer 17

Horizontal direction bedrock runs

Left & Right lateral motions

Question 18

Dip-slip

Answer 18

Vertical Motion
normal faults- extensions
reverse faults- places older rock on top
Horsts and Grabens- forms when crust stretches apart

Question 19

Joints

Answer 19

NOT FAULTS
Aseismis- no earthquak hazard
influence- rock stregnth, landslides and slope failure, ground water movement

Question 20

Earthquake

> p-waves
S-waves
Surface Waves

Answer 20

1. Focus
2. Epicenter: where energy is first met
3. Fault: Crust Ruptures

P-waves: Primary, compressional, 6km/sec through solids & liquids
S-waves: Secondary, shear, 3km/sec only through solid
Surface Waves:
Love Waves & Rayleigh Waves: Retrograde motion

Question 21

Trans tension

Answer 21

pulls apart and creates a deep basin

Question 22

transpression

Answer 22

conversion which creates hills and mountains

Question 23

Measuring Earthquakes

Answer 23

Seismograph

Question 24

Modified Mercalli

Answer 24

1 to 12; descriptive

Question 25

Richter Scale

Answer 25

measures energy real eased (joules), distance and amplitude

Question 26

Moment Magnitude

Answer 26

Modifies RICHTER, all motion, adds +1 to magnitude, science purposes. -Releases energy over 100s of kilometers

Question 27

Intensity Vs Magnitude

Answer 27

Intensity: How strong it feels towards observers Magnitude: 1.Related to Energy realease 2.determined from seismic records

Question 28

Earthquake predictors

Answer 28

Historical: 1. historical records 2. paleoseismology Short-term: 1.Precursors Long-term Prediction: 1.seismic gaps

Question 29

Lisbon, Portugal (1755)

Answer 29

1. First scientifically studied | 2. Tsunami & Earthquake connections

Question 30

Other important earthquakes

Answer 30

- New Madrid, Missouri (1811-1812) - Tokyo (1923) - Alaska (1964) - Tangchan, China (1976) - Indian Ocean (2004)

Question 31

Charsleton, South Carolina (1886)

Answer 31

First Widely Known u.s earthquake

Question 32

San Francisco (1906)

Answer 32

1st revealed importance of faults

Question 33

Government Regulations

Answer 33

Field Act, Uniform building code, Alquist-Priolo Earthwuak within 50 ft, hospital safety act, dam safety act, and unreinforced masonry building law

Question 34

Earthquake Hazards

Answer 34

Natural: - ground rupturing - shaking - liquification - landslides Handmade: - fire - structure collapse - utlity outage

Question 35

Safest Buildings >> Most dangerous

Answer 35

( 1 safest- 4 most dangerous) 1. Small, wood framed house 2. Steel frame 3. Reinforsed masonry 4. Adobe

Question 36

Base isolation

Answer 36

Isolating the building from the ground using larger rubber rings allow the building to stay stationary while the ground moves