Exam 1 Flashcards
(30 cards)
Proximal influences are things that:
directly influence a child
the idea that a specific cause can lead to multiple different outcomes
multifinality
the idea that multiple different causes can have the same outcome
equifinality
the environment or social influences on development
nurture
the processes by which individuals learn to function in and adapt to their environment; change over time in response to one’s environment
social development
states that the bond between parents and children during the first few years can be used to predict later outcomes
attachment theory
being influenced by multiple causal factors
multidetermined
divides mental processes into 3 parts:the id (unconscious impulses), the ego (conscious control), and the superego (unconscious thoughts about what is morally right)
psychodynamic theory
the biological or genetic influences on development
nature
describe how children learn from their environment and include classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory
behavioral theories
Which of the following theories or families of theories suggests that socialization is influenced mainly by the quality of the bond between parents and children in early childhood?
A. biological theories
B. behavioral theories
C. attachment theory
D. psychodynamic theory
attachment theory
What term represents the idea that multiple, different causes may be responsible for a single outcome?
equifinality
Billy was a bad boy at school today. He bit his teacher and several other students. The teacher called his mother, Pam, who was infuriated by his behavior. Consequently, she bit Billy when he got home to teach him not to bite others. In this situation, Pam’s biting Billy best represents a:
positive punishment
When one thing in a system changes and the other parts of the system adapt to accomodate that change, the system is attempting to maintain:
homeostasis
In this course, we define development as ________, which means that development occurs throughout the lifespan.
change
Within social ecological models of development, family is conceptualized as a/an:
microsystem
In contrast to many other types of theories, Bronfenbrenner’s social ecological theory set out to maximize:
ecological validity
Family systems theories suggest that problems in development arise when developmental transitions occur and families:
fail to reorganize
A child with an aggressive parent experiences abuse early in life, which leads to poor outcomes later. This represents a(n) ______ GxE interaction.
passive
A hierarchial structure within a family system means that some subsystems have more _______ than others.
status
Family is defined as including:
anyone a person defines as family
In ______ GxE interactions, genetic predispositions influence children’s selection of their own environments.
active
Which statement below is true of the way the influence G x E interactions changes over time?
A. Active effects become less important.
B. Passive effects become less important.
C. Evocative effects become less important.
D. Evocative effects become more important.
Passive effects become less important.
Temperment is defined as a child’s ______.
typical behavior patterns
