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BIO 225 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Robert Hooke

A

All living things are composed of little boxes or cells.

Cell Theory

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2
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

Cells arise from preexisting cells.

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3
Q

Cell Theory

A

All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells.

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4
Q

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

A

Microscope

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5
Q

Francisco Redi

A

Filled jars with decaying meat. Jars covered in fine net had no maggots. Jars open had maggots.
Where did the maggots come from?

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6
Q

John Needham

A

Put boiled nutrient broth into covered flask.

  • Nutrient broth heated, then placed in sealed flask had microbial growth.
  • Heated flasks were transported outside before sealed in a lab.
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7
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani

A

Boiled nutrient solutions in flasks.

-Heated in flask then sealed had no microbial growth.

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8
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air.

-Relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs.

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9
Q

Fermentation

A

Conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine.

-Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it into vinegar.

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10
Q

Pasteurization

A

Application of high heat for a short time.

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11
Q

Ignaz Semmelwise

A

Advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB pt to another.

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12
Q

Joseph Lister

A

Phenol solutions kill bacteria in surgery.

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13
Q

Robert Koch

A

Proved bacteria can cause disease.

-Anthrax was killing cattle.

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14
Q

Edward Jenner

A

First person to use vaccination.

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15
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

Developed first synthetic arsenic drug to treat syphilis.

-Salvarsan

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16
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

Discovered first antibiotic.

-Penicillin

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17
Q

Rebecca Lancefield

A

The use of immunology to identify some bacteria according to serotypes (variants within a species).

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18
Q

George Beadle & Edward Tatum

A

Genes encode a cell’s enzymes.

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19
Q

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty

A

DNA was the hereditary material.

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20
Q

Francois Jacob & Jacques Monod

A

Discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis.

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21
Q

How are organisms written?

A
  • Are italicized or underlined.
  • Are “Latinized” and used worldwide.
  • Genus: first name and always capitalized.
  • Species: Follows and is not capitalized.
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22
Q

Why is Archaea no longer a bacteria?

A

They lack peptidoglycan.

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23
Q

Spontaneous Generation

A

The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter is called spontaneous generation.
-According to spontaneous generation, a “vital force” forms life.

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24
Q

Biogenesis

A

Living organisms arise from preexisting life.

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25
Q

Experiments that lead to biogenesis.

A
  • Jars covered with fine net vs. open jars with maggots.

- Bioled nutrient broth into covered flask (variables were not controlled)

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26
Q

Virus Fun Fact

A

Viruses are replicated ONLY when they are in a living host cell.

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27
Q

Microscope Types

A
  • Phase-contrast microscopes
  • DIC (differential interference contrast)
  • Fluorescence Microscopes
  • Electron Microscope
  • Scanning acoustic microscope (SAM)
  • Compound
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28
Q

Compound Microscope

A

Has a series of lenses and uses visible light as its source of illumination.
-2 Magnifying lenses

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29
Q

Resolution

A

The ability of the lenses to distinguish fine detail and structure
-you can see distinctly TWO different objects. (!!!!)

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30
Q

Oil Immersion

A

Preserves the direction of the lights rays at the highest magnification.

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31
Q

Very detailed as far as things on the internal structures of living microorganisms.

A

Phase-contrast microscopes

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32
Q

Gives very brightly colored images and has almost a 3D image look.

A

DIC (differential interference contrast) microscope

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33
Q

The ability of substances to absorb short wavelengths of light and give off light at a longer wavelength. (Hit with UV light)

A

Fluorescence Microscope

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34
Q

Have a much better resolution and are much more precise than compound microscopes. They use a beam of electrons rather than a beam of light.
-Images are black and white.

A

Electron Microscope.

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35
Q

Consists of interpreting the action of a sound wave sent through a specimen. So a sound wave of specific frequency travels through the specimen, and a portion of it is reflected back every time it hits a interface within the material.

A

Scanning acoustic microscope (SAM)

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36
Q
  • Very important in the medical field.
  • Detect cells that grow on top of things like tissue (tumors or cancer).
  • Detects by sound waves.
A

Scanning Acoustic Microscope (SAM)

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37
Q

Colorizing the microorganisms with dye that emphasizes certain structures.

A

Staining.

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38
Q

We will use heat to fixate using the benson burner to fixate the microbes which is called…

A

Heat Fixation.

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39
Q

Identifies bacteria as either gram-negative or gram-positive.

A

Gram Stain

40
Q

Primary stain that is used on a gram stain.

A

Crystal Violet

41
Q

A substance that we use in order to make a stain latch on better. Iodine.

A

Mordant.

42
Q

Removes the purple from the cells of gram-negatives. (Alcohol or acetone)

A

Decolorizer

43
Q

A contrasting color to the primary stain. (Safarnin)

A

Counter stains.

44
Q

Exception to gram stains

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

45
Q

Cocci/coccus

A

round or circular

46
Q

bacillus

A

rod shaped

47
Q

coocbacillus

A

oval shape

48
Q

spirochete

A

squiggly line

49
Q

Cannot be seen without negative staining

A

Capsules

50
Q

A resting period for some bacteria that are extreme resistant.

A

Endospores

51
Q

Stain used to penetrate Endospores

A

Malachite green.

52
Q

Looks like cells with one huge cell.

A

bacillus endospores

53
Q

Looks like a lollipop or sperm

A

clostridium endospores.

54
Q

Monotrichous

A

1 tail

55
Q

Amphitrichous

A

1 tail at each end

56
Q

Lophotrichous

A

2 tails at each end

57
Q

Peritrichous

A

multiple tails.

58
Q

Bacteria move in one direction for a length of time.

A

Run

59
Q

Interruption in the the run by a very random change in direction.

A

Tumble

60
Q
  • Move toward or away from stimuli

- Receptors on the cell wall.

A

Taxis

61
Q
  • Anchored at one end of a cell
  • Rotation causes cell to move
  • Move like a corkscrew
A

Endoflagella

62
Q

Used to transfer DNA from one cell to another

A

Pili

63
Q

The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another

A

Conjugation

64
Q
  • Responsible for cell shape
  • Prevents osmotic lysis
  • Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria)
  • Site of some antibiotic action
A

Cell Wall

65
Q

Contains 2 pairs of rings

  • Outer pair of rings is anchored to various portions of the cell wall
  • Inner pair of rings is anchored to the plasma membrane
A

Gram negative Basal body

66
Q

Only has the inner ring present

A

Gram positive Basal Body

67
Q
  • One circular chromosome, not in a membrane
  • No histones
  • No organelles
  • Peptidoglycan complex cell walls
  • Divide by binary fission
A

Prokaryote

68
Q
  • Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane
  • Histones
  • Organelles
  • Polysaccharide chemical simple cell walls
  • Divide my Mitosis
A

Eukaryote

69
Q
  • Thich peptidoglycan
  • Teichoic acids
  • In acid-fast cells, contains mycelia acid
A

Gram-Positive Cell walls

70
Q
  • Thin peptidoglycan
  • No teichoic acids
  • Outer Membrane
A

Gram-Negative Cell Walls

71
Q
  • Smallest known bacteria
  • Lack cell walls
  • Sterols in plasma membrane
A

Mycoplasmas (Walking pneumonia)

72
Q
  • Wall-less

- Walls of pseudomurein

A

Archaea

73
Q
  • Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules
  • Breakdown enzymes for ATP production
  • Photosynthetic pigments on foldings
A

Plasma Membrane

74
Q

Movement of solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

A

Passive Diffusion; Simple diffusion

75
Q

Solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane.

A

Passive Diffusion; Facilitative Diffusion

76
Q

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water

A

Osmosis

77
Q

The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane

A

Osmotic pressure

78
Q

No net movement of water

A

Isotonic Solution

79
Q

Water moves into the cell an may cause the cell to burst if the wall is weak or damaged (osmotic lysis)

A

Hypotonic Solution

80
Q

Water moves out of the cell, causing its cytoplasm to shrink (plasmolysis)

A

Hypertonic Solution

81
Q
  • Requires a transporter protein and ATP

- Structure is not altered

A

Active Transport

82
Q
  • Requires a transporter protein and phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP)
  • The substance is chemically altered inside the cell so that the plasma membrane is impermeable to it and it must remain inside the cell.
A

Group Translocation

83
Q
  • Prokaryotes secrete on surface
  • Usually sticky
  • Made inside cell and recreated to the cell surface
A

Glycocalyx

84
Q

If it is organized and fairly attached to the cell wall

A
  • Capsule
  • Seen by negative staining
  • Prevent phagocyctosis
85
Q

If it is unorganized and loose

A

Slime Layer

86
Q

Site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

87
Q

Prokaryote ribosomes

  • Small 30S with one molecule of rRNA
  • Large 50S with two molecules of rRNA
  • Several antibiotics inhibit these ribosomal subunits
A

70S Ribosomes

88
Q

Eukaryotic ribosomes

  • Large 60S (3 rRNA)
  • Smaller 40S (1 rRNA)
A

80S Ribosomes

89
Q
  • Larger bacterial cells lost their cell walls and engulfed in smaller bacterial cells
  • Organisms live within another
A

Endosymbiotic Theory

90
Q
  • Molecules are oxidized

- Final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule

A

Cellular Respiration

91
Q

Final electron is O2

A

Aerobic

92
Q

Final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule

A

Anaerobic

93
Q

Stops the cell from wasting chemical resources by making more of a substance than it needs
-Assembly Line

A

Feedback inhibition

94
Q
  • The energy-releasing processes
  • Breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones
  • Hydrolytic reactions
A

Catabolism

95
Q
  • The energy-using processes
  • Building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones
  • Dehydration reactions
A

Anabolism

96
Q

Yellow result in Fermentation Test

A

Fermentation Occurred

BIO 225 (1 decks)

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