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exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is congenital megaesophagus condition called?

A

Persistent Right Aortic arch

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2
Q

what causes PRAA? What is the fetal structure called? What is the normal change in this structure?

A

aortic arch is a fetal structure that becomes the ligamentum arteriosus after birth. when this structure persists it becomes a vascular ring that doesnt allow passage of food down the esophagus

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3
Q

What is a sequela for PRAA:

A

aspiration pneumonia

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4
Q

t/f: megaesophagis is only a congenital pathology

A

false there is a secondary which is acquired

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5
Q

How can you tell the difference between primary and secondary megaesophagus?

A

location
congenital is located cranial to the heart
secondary is located just cranial to stomach

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6
Q

What occurs in secondary megaesophagus and what are its causes?

A

it is idiopathic or caused by myasthenia gravis causing muscle relaxation and polymyositits especially in the esophagus

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7
Q

What is choke and where does it occur and why?

A

occurs in cows and horses who eat large objects such as apples or potatoes and in dogs who eat corn cobs. It usually occurs at the thoracic inlet and larynx because these are areas that dont have a lot of space for dilation to pass large food. It causes compression ischemia and necrosis of the area

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8
Q

what is reflux esophagitis and which animal is it most common in?

A

caused by acid reflux which damages the epithelium and causes esophagitis. Associated with gastric ulcers. common in pigs

presents as areas of ulceration and erosion

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9
Q

Which virus produces erosive and ulcerative lesions in the oral cavity, esophagus and intestine of cattle?

A

BVD

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10
Q

How can you differentiate the ulcers from reflux esophagitis and BVD?

A

BVD ulcers are relatively small (mm-cm)

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11
Q

in the dog which parasite causes raised mucosa in the lumen of the distal esophagus?

A

Spirocerca lupi

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12
Q

what is the MDx for the reaction to spirocerca lupi?

A

chronic granulomatous esophagitis

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13
Q

what is a common sequella of spirocerca lupi?

A

neoplastic transformation to osteo or fibrosarcomas

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14
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary ruminal tympany and how can you tell the difference?

A

primary- associated with new diets high in carbohydrates causing the formation of foam

secondary- physical or functional obstruction of the esophagus causing failure to erucate. Can be caused by the enlargement of lymph nodes in lymphosarcoma)

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15
Q

How can you differentiate between pregnancy and bloat?

A

bloat creates a distension in the area of the paralumbar fossa on the left side. pregnancy is on the right side

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16
Q

why would bloat cause cardiorespiratory issues and cranial congestion?

A

it causes pressure on the thoracic cavity and displaces its contents rostrally leading to severe cardiorespiratory difficulty and congestion of the cranial aspect of the body (muscles are darker)

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17
Q

How do you differentiate between premotrtem and postmortem bloat?

A

bloat line located at the thoracic inlet where intrathoracic potion is pale and cranial to inlet is darker/bluish (not alway present ut when it is, it is diagnostic)

frothy ruminal content (in primary) and ruminal pH

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18
Q

What is another condition that causes distended abdomen?

A

anthracosis

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19
Q

What is traumatic reticulitis? Why is it more common in cows?

A

cows dont have very sensitive lips so they dont descriminate what they eat. Foreign objects enter the reticulum and during rumination punctures the wall

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20
Q

What is another name for traumatic reticulitis?

A

hardware disease

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21
Q

What are some physiological and pathological discoveries with hardware disease?

A

sometimes the object punctures the ruminal wall causing fibrinosuppurative exudate. if it punctures the diaphragm causing peritonitis and if it punctures the pericardium, pericarditis leading to congestive heart failure

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22
Q

What causes rumenitis?

A

acidosis in the rumen caused by carbohydrate (grain) overload

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23
Q

how can you differentiate pre mortem sloughing of mucosa caused by rumenitis or post mortem sloughing?

A

pre mortem will have a very red exposed lamina propria becaise of inflammation. Postmortem will not have a color change

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24
Q

What are stellate ulcers?

A

ruminal scars from healed chemical rumenitis

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25
what are complications of rumenal ulcers?
bacteria gain access to circulation and cause hepatic abscesses (incidental finding) secondary fungal infection causing necrotizing fibrinous ulceration of the mucosa
26
which animals are more likely to get gastric dilatation?
deep chested large dogs and sows
27
What are the clinical signs of gastric dilation and volvulus?
abdominal distention, non-productive retching, hypersalivation and restlessness
28
`excessive intake of food and water followed by physical activity causes which condition?
gastric dilation and volvulus
29
why does gastric dilation and volvulus cause a stomach filled with blood?
Because the condition leads to venous infarct and congestion that causes necrosis of the stomach wall
30
t/f: Upon necropsy gastric dilation and volvulus will present with a reddened, dark, swollen and friable mucosal surface
false it is serosal surface
31
which cows mostly experience abomasal displacement?
post-parturient dairy and calves
32
What is the difference between left and right sided abomasal dislacement?
left- partial obstruction of abomasal flow right- abomasal volvulus
33
What are the clinical signs of abomasal displacement?
abdominal pain, elevated HR, anorexia, dehydration, depressed peristalsis with lack of feces and abomasal tympany
34
t/f: chronic diaphragmatic hernia can lead to gastric rupture
yes and stomach contents will be found in the thoracic cavity
35
what is the name for gastric impaction.rupture in horses?
Persimmons
36
why do gastric impaction/rupture occur?
result of dilation/colic seen in horses because of intestinal obstructions inhibition of bowel motility caused by peritonitis by overeating grain and drinking lots of water leading to feed expansion
37
why do gastro-duodenal ulcers occur in pigs?
pigs are fed finely ground rations (high wheat content) which stimulated excessive HCl production and ulcerating the esophageal portion of the stomach stress immunosuppression NSAIDs
38
what are the symptoms of gastro-duodenal?
poor growers, pale, anemic and die with blood filled stomach. Chronic bleeding, melena and exposed lamina propria that is bile stained
39
what is the typical location for horses to get gastric ulcers?
margo plicatus
40
t/f: cutaneous Mast cell tumors in dogs can lead to gastric ulcers
true mast cell tumor releases histamine which travels in the blood and stimulates parietal cells in the stomach to produce more HCl
41
t/f: uremic gastritis is primarily in cats and dogs and associated with renal failure
true uremia--> vascular lesions--> damage to stomach/intestinal mucosa
42
Which condition causes edema, red discoloration and grit because of widespread mineralization (with white discoloration) of the stomach mucosa?
uremic gastritis
43
Which bacteria causes braxy (bradsot) abomasitis?
clostridium septicum
44
what is the MDx of baxy (bradsot) abomasitis?
necrohemorrhagic with submucosal emphysema
45
t/f: eating frozen feed is often the cause of bradsot?
true
46
what makes an animals more susceptible to mycotic abomasitis?
long term antibiotic use whcih destroys the resident flora
47
which fungi are responsible for mycotic abomasitis?
Aspergillus, absidia, rhizopus, mucor
48
what is the description of mycotic gastritic/abomasitis?
multifocal, round lesions sometimes hemorrhagic or dark because of necrosis covered in a fibrnohemorrhagic exudate mixed with fungal hyphae
49
t/f: Gasterophilus nasalis is located in the nose and intestinalis in the intestine
false nasalis is close to intestine and intestinalis is close to esophagus in the stomach
50
what lesions do gasterophilus nasalis and intestinalis cause?
erosine ulcerative lesions usually subclinical
51
Which parasite causes a proliferative abomasitis giving a moroccan leather appearance?
Ostertagia spp
52
Which parasite causes granulomatous gastritis close to the margo plicatus in horses?
Draschi megastoma
53
What does haemonchus contortus cause in sheep and goats?
parasitic abomastitis that causes blood loss, anemia, hypoproteinemia and pale MM
54
what is the most common gastric tumor in horses?
Squamous cell carcinoma arising in the esophageal portion of the stomach
55
t/f: Gastric squamous cell carcinomas in horses always cause ulceration
false some are ulcerative and others are proliferative
56
t/f: Gastric squamous cell carcinomas in horses can perforate the serosa and spread transcelomically and cause peritoneal carcinomatosis
true
57
Hoe can you differentiate between draschi megastoma and lymphosarcoma in horses?
location. lymphosarcomas are all over the stomach and are ulcerative, necrotic and solid in apppearance. Draschia is on the margo plicatus
58
which virus in cattle is associated with abomasal lymphosarcoma?
Bovine Leukemia virus
59
what is atresia coli and which animal gets it?
stenosis (incomplete occulusion) or atresia (complete occulusion of the intestinal lumen) autosomal recessive in Holstein cattle
60
what are the clinical signs of atresia coli?
unable to defecate, andominal distention (survives for a few weeks)
61
t/f: females with atresia ani survive longer. why?
true because of rectovaginal fistula
62
what is the major pathological sign of atresia ani?
prominent megacolon
63
WHich breed of horse has lethal white syndrome in foals? How can you tell they are carriers of the recessive gene
American paint horses with white spots. They give birth to all white calves with congential colonic angliosis
64
what are clinical signs of congenital colonic angliosis?
colon is reduced in size, lack of mesenteric and submucosal PNS ganglia. Muconium is retained and leads to colic
65
Pigs with which disease prior experience acquired stenosis caused by rectal stricture (scarring)
Salmonellosis (typhimorium)
66
What is the initiating factor in intestinal enteroliths in horses?
foreign body
67
what is a bezoar?
fiber ball
68
which bezoar is found in horse colons?
Phytobezoar and phytotrichobezoar
69
which bezoar is found in catts, cats and dogs?
trichobezoar
70
which type of hermia is defines as being within the abdominal cavity?
internal hermia
71
what are the components of a n external hernia?
hermial contents (viscera), hernial sac (peritoneum or skin), Hernial ring
72
what is eventration?
external hernia lacking the hernia sac and usually secondary to trauma
73
t/f: diaphragmatic hernias will cause respiratory signs. what sound will you hear in the thoracic cavity?
true GI sounds
74
what are the components of intussusception?
Intussuscipiens- outer part that engulfs intussusceptum- part that is internalized mesentery can be dragged in
75
What is the difference between volvulus and torsion?
volvulus is twisting around the mesenteric axis torsion is twisting around an axis
76
t/f: pedunculated lipomas are generallly harmless
true unless the twist around an organ and cause strangulation. it can also become mineralized and heavier making it more prone to strangulaiton
77
t/f: inflammation of the intestine can lead to death
true diarrhea--> dehydration, acidosis, malabsorption, hypoproteinemia, electrolyte imbalance--> death severe inflammation can cause loss of mucosal integrity leading to permeability and fatal endotoxin shock
78
What is the characteristic lesion of BVD?
peyers patch necrosis in cattle 6months-2 years
79
which disease causes fibrino-necrotizing vasculitis with prominent lymphocytic perivascular infiltrates in cows?
Malignant catarrhal fever
80
which viruses cause villus atrophy in which species?
enteric coronaviral infections- cattle transmissible gastro enteritis- piglets enteric rotaviral infections- any species
81
t/f: parvovirus causes segmental hemorrhagic granular red discoloration of the intestine and infects the intestinal crypt cells (high mitotic activity)
true
82
both panleukopenia and FeLV infect cells with high mitotic activity in the bone marrow and intestinal crypts leading to watery instestinal contents. How do we differentiate the 2?
panleukopenia happens in young cats FeLV- causes a similar necrotizing enteritis in older cats
83
what are the 2 forms of FIP and what is the difference?
effusive (wet)- caused by vasculitis non-effusive (dry)- pyogranulomatous lesions from deposition of antigen-antibody complexes in the blood vessels--> grey/white plaque like lesions on the serosal surface of the intestine and capsule of liver and kidney
84
what is the most important cause of enteritis in neonates?
E. coli
85
which toxin in enterotoxmic colibacillosis causes edema in the face, snout, wall of stomach, and mesentery of the spiral colon in pigs?
verotoxin
86
what does Clostridium perfringens type D cause, especially in sheep?
bloody diarrhea in the best nourished animals and focal symmetrical encephalomyelitis in sheep
87
Which types of clostridium cause necrotizing hemorrhagic villi liked with gram + bacteria?
C. perfringens type A and D
88
Tyzzers disease targets the liver and lesions occur in the intestine and heart. What is the etiological agent?
C. piliforme
89
what is colitis x?
Typhlocolitis (cecum, colon) of horses
90
what causes colitis x?
antibiotic therapy or dietary changes which facilitate the growth of clostridium perfringens type A and C. deficile
91
t/f: all salmonella are pathogenic
true
92
MDx of salmonellosis?
ulcerative, fibrinonecrotizing enterocolitis
93
what are the effects of salmonellosis on the intestine and feces?
intestine: edema, hemorrhage (areas of dark red) and necrosis feces: smells like a septic tank, mucus, fibrin and sometimes blood
94
what is a common sequela to salmonellosis?
embolic mycotic pneumonia- multifocal and hemorrhagic lesions scattered in pulmonary parenchyma. lesions are surrounded by reddish color which is suggestive of inflammation. These lesions are suggestive of salmonellosis when paired with diarrhea
95
Lawsonia intracellularis gives a cerebriform appearance to pig intestine? why?
proliferation of enterocytes (porcine proliferative enteropathy)
96
what are the 2 manifestations of lawsonia intracellularis?
necrotic enteritis | proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy- severe bouts of hemorrhagic diarrhea with sudden sloughing of mucosa
97
what stain is used to diagnose lawsonia?
Warthin- starry silver stain
98
which etiological agent causes swine dysentery?
brachyspira hyodysenteriaciae
99
what is the classical sign of swine dysentery?
large bowel diarrhea with mucus and bloody feces because of ulceration and necrosis. there is edmea of the intestinal walls and causes goblet cell hyperplasia
100
what does Rhodococcus equi cause in horses?
primarily causes suppurative pyogranulomatous pneumonia but causes enterocolitis in young horses
101
describe the enteric lesions associates with rodococcus equi
ulcerative and pyogranulomatous with prominent regional lymphadenitis (characteristic. lesions are surrounded by raised mucosa with inflammation
102
what is the etiological agent of Johne's disease?
mycobacterium avium supsp paratuberculosis
103
what is the mdx of Johne's disease?
granulomatous enteritis (macrophages expand the lamina propria and submucosa giving a cerebriform morphology spreads to regional lymph nodes and causes lympangitis
104
what causes granulomatous colitis in boxers?
genetic susceptibility to specific strain of E. coli causing bloody diarrhea and emaciation
105
what do the lesions look like in granulomatous colitis in boxers?
multifocal lesions in colon with raised borders and can be seen through the serosal surface
106
t/f: cryptosporidiosis is a protozoal organism that attaches to the apical surface of intestinal villi causing disruption of absorption and diarrhea AND is zoonotic
true
107
which stain is used to diagnose cryptosporidium
Toludine blue
108
what the the MDx and what are the clinical signs of coccidiosis?
severe necrotizing enteritis with hemorrhage leading to bloody diarrhea, loss of condition, hypoproteinemia and ascites
109
What are the characteristic lesions caused by coccidiosis in sheep and goats?
slightly raised grey/white nodules (2-5cm) seen through the serosal wall. on the mucosal surface there will be small white nodules which are focal areas of hyperplasia
110
what are the clinical signs associated with hookworms in dogs?
anemia and hypoproteinemia
111
How do puppies get hookworms?
larvae can be found in colostrum
112
what is the problem with horses having Anoplocephala perfoliata?
severe infestations rarely cause clinical disease but large numbers can cause ceco-colic intussusception
113
where does trichuris localize and what are its clinical signs?
localizes in the cecum and colon and in cases of severe infestations, severe bloody diarrhea, weight loss. dehydration and anemia
114
which 2 parasites cause milk spots on the liver of pigs?
ascaris suum and stenocephala dentalis (renal worm)
115
t/f: intestinal tumors are most common in dogs and cats AND are typically carcinomas
true
116
what is the most common form of lymphosarcomas in cats?
alimentary form from the GALT
117
t/f: in cats and dogs, lymphosarcomas may arise in the intestine but most times are multicentric lymphoma
False not in cats
118
t/f: the rupture of a lymphoma tumor can lead to fatal peritonitis
true
119
t/f: the liver is the largest visceral organ receiving 25% cardiac output (67% from portal vein and 33% from hepatic artery)
true
120
what structures are included in the portal triad?
bile ductules, protal vein and hepatic artery
121
In cases of anemia which zone of hepatocytes are most susceptible?
hepatocytes closes to the central vein
122
which hepatocytes are most vulnerable to toxins?
hepatocytes closest to the portal triad
123
what does bile duct hyperplasia mean?
response to injury
124
what is the function of stellate cellS?
maintains extracellular matrix and stores Vit A. ALso plays a role in fibrosis
125
What percentage of the liver must be injured before clinical signs appear?
75%
126
when does the liver respond to injury by atrophy?
liver shunts, increased catabolism, decreased blood flow, decreased bile flow and pressure
127
which cell types do oval stem cells differentiate to?
hepatocytes and bile duct epithelium
128
what is necessary for liver regeneration?
reticular framework, good blood supply, patent bile ducts
129
what is a regenerative nodule?
ball of regenerative cells caused by sustained or repetitive hepatocellular injury
130
which cells proliferate when there is replacement of liver by fibrosis?
ito (stellate) cells
131
what is cirrhosis?
nodular regeneration and post necrotic scarring due to chronic liver disease
132
what causes capsular fibrosis in horses (perihepatitis filamentosa)?
resolution of peritonitis, parasitic migration and sometimes colonic impaction
133
what is tension lipidosis?
focal areas of pale discoloration adjacent to mesenteric attachment seen occasionally in cattle and horses
134
what are some postmortem changes in the liver
pale irregular foci, greenish-black discoloration near intestine, emphysema, autolysis and bile imbibition
135
what is liver mutifocal necrosis indicative of?
infections from bacteria, parasite or viruses
136
what is the most common cause of massive hepatic necrosis in pigs?
hepatosis dietetics caused by generation of free radicals and Vit E/selenium deficiency

Pathology 2 (1 decks)

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