exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What makes up the central nervous System?
A
Spinal Cord and Brain
2
Q
what does each part of the spinal cord have?
A
Gray, white matter, and sensor, mortor nerves
3
Q
What sections of Spinal cord are there?
A
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
4
Q
what are the areas of the brain?
A
Hindbrain, midbrain, Forebrain
5
Q
what is the hindbrain?
A
-oldest parts of brain -Controls breathing. heart rate, motor function
6
Q
What structures make up Hindbrain?
A
Medulla, Pons, Reticular Formation, Cellebellum
7
Q
what is the medulla?
A
- Controls breathing I heartrate, vomiting, coughing, sneezing - Damage to area almost fatal
8
Q
What is contralateral?
A
controls opposite side of body
9
Q
What is ipsilateral?
A
controls same side of body
10
Q
Where is the reticular formation contained?
A
within medulla and pons
11
Q
what does cerebellum do?
A
Controls movement, balance, helps direct attention and Judge time
12
Q
What does the mid brain area do?
A
-Sits on top of hindbrain - Sensory processing and preparing for movement
13
Q
What are the structures of the midbrain?
A
Tectum, Tegmentum, substantial nigra, superior and inferior colliculi
14
Q
what is the function of the Forebrain?
A
Sits on top of midbrain (sub-cortical)
15
Q
what are the structures of the forebrain?
A
- limbic System - Cerebral Cortex
16
Q
what is the function of the limbic system?
A
- Border between midbrain and forebrain - involved in emotion, motivation, sensory, and olfaction
17
Q
what are the Parts of the limbic system?
A
-Thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdale, Hippocampus, basal Ganglia, verticals
18
Q
what does the thalmus do?
A
information goes through thalamus to be Sorted, then to part of brain, then back to thalmus to body
19
Q
what does the hypothalamus do?
A
under thalamus - Sends information to pituitary gland
20
Q
What motivational behavior does the hypothalamus control?
A
-eating, drinking, temperature regulation, sexual behavior
21
Q
what does the amygdala do?
A
-Process emotions associated with emotion with consequence of actions - important in fight or flight
22
Q
what does the hippocampus do?
A
Stores new memories
23
Q
what doesn’t the Basal Ganglia do?
A
associated with movement and habit formation and procedural memory
24
Q
what are the structure of Basal ganglia?
A
-Caudate nucleus, Putamen, Globuspallidus
25
what do the verticals do?
-4 tubes of fluid help cushion and support brain
26
what is the cerebral Cortex?
-Squiggle tissue that surrounds midbrain
27
What are the parts of the Cerebral cortex?
Occipital lobe, Parietal lobe, Temporal lobe, Frontal lobe
28
what are laminae?
-layers of brain tissue -arranged in columns - each column has specific function
29
what does the occipital lobe Do?
Primary visual cortex - located back of brain
30
what is another name for occipital lobe?
Striate Cortex
31
What is the parietal lobe functions?
Receives information from touch, muscle-stretch and joint receptors -Different areas of post central gyms get info from specific areas of body
32
what are the functions of the temporal lobe?
Receives auditory information Essential for language and vision process
33
where is the Parietal lobe located?
Top of brain
34
where is Temporal lobe located?
- above cerebellum extending forward
35
what is the Frontal lobe function?
Primary motor Cortex
36
what is the prefrontal cortex?
integrates enormous amount of information -associated with decision making, judgment, working memory
37
where is the Frontal lobe located?
-Front of brain
38
what is the binding problem?
How the various area work together to Create one coherent perception of an eposiode or experience
39
What does the peripheral system do?
all other nerves
40
What does the somatic Nervous system do?
sense organs to CNS and CNS to muscles
41
what does the Autonomic nervous system do?
controls heart, digestive system and other organs
42
what are the parts of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
43
what does the sympathetic do?
Fight or flight perparation -originates in central of spine -cluster of nerves all activates together
44
what does the parasympathetic do?
Rest perception - originates in sacral and cervical nerves - Spread out don't all activates
45
what is Dorsal direction?
Towards the back
46
what is ventral direction?
towards the stomach
47
what is anterior direction?
Towards the front
48
what is Posterior direction?
Towards the rear
49
what is medial direction?
toward micline
50
what is lateral direction7
away form midline
51
what is horizontal plane view?
From above
52
What is the coronal plane view?
From front
53
what is the sagiltal plane view?
From the Side
54
What does this picture show?
Sagittal view
55
what does this picture show?
Amygdala
56
what does this picture show?
Horizontal Plane
57
what does this picture show?
Reticular Formation
58
what does this picture show?
Ventral View
59
what does this picture show?
Hypothalmus
60
what does this picture show?
Anterier View
61
what does this picture show?
Limbic system
62
what does this picture show?
Substantia Nigra
63
what does this picture show?
Cerabellum
64
what does this picture show?
1. ...?
2. ...?
1. Medial
2. Lateral
65
what does this picture show?
Tectum
66
what does this picture show?
Cronal Plane
67
what does this picture show?
Medula
68
what does this picture show?
1. ....?
2. ....?
1. Corups Collsum
2. anterior commissure
69
what does this picture show?
**Tegmentum**
70
What does this picture show?
Occipital lobe
71
what does this picture show?
Temperal Lobe
72
what does this picture show?
Dorsal View
73
what does this picture show?
Perietal Lobe
74
what does this picture show?
Thalmus
75
what does this picture show?
Frontal Lobe
76
what does this picture show?
Pons
77
what does this picture show?
Hippocampus
78
what does this picture show?
Posterier View
79
What Research methods are there for studying the brain?
Case Study
Animal
Brain stimulation
Neuroimaging
80
How do Case studies work?
- A person with damage to one are of the brain is examined for behavioral deficits that are assumed to araise from the damage
81
What are the advantages of case studies?
- Sometimes only method available
- Richness of data collected
82
What are the disadvantages of case studies?
- Usually rare cases
- damage across patients can lead to different results
- difficult to generalize to large population
83
What is single dissociation?
- Damage in structure a resluts in deficit in task X, but not task Y
84
What is double disociation?
- Damage in structure a results in deficit in task X but not task Y... and damage in structure B results in deficit in task Y but not task X
85
What kind of research methods are there when using animals?
- Ablation
- Lesion
86
What is ablation?
- Portion of brain is removed surgically with a knife
- Behavior is then recorded
87
What is lesions?
- Damage where tissue is not remeoved
- Behavior is recorded
88
what are the advantages of Animal testing?
- Can use experimental methods
89
What are the disadvantages of Animal Testing?
- Ethics
- Not easily generalized tohumans
- limited area of brain reached
90
What is brain stimulation?
- Electrodes connected direcltly to specific neurons
91
What is TMS?
- Transcranial magnetic stmulation
- type of brain stimulation
- non invasive
92
What are the advantags of brain stimulation?
- Allows true experimtnal designs
- Non invasive
- no long-term side effects
93
What are the disadvantages of brain stimulation?
- Only used on one area of brain at a time
- Can't reach deepest part of brain
94
What are neuroimaging?
- Equipment that tracks activity of brain over time
95
What are the types of neuroimaging?
- Electroencephalograph
- Magnetoencephelograph
- Positron-emission tomograph
- Funcion Magnetic Resonance Imaging
96
What is electroencephalograph?
- Measure electrical activity of the brain through electrodes attached to the scalp
97
What do magnetoencephelograph do?
- Meausre magnetic feild generated by brain activity
98
What is positron-emission tomograph?
- Tracks activity of radioactive chemical injected into the subject's bloodstream
99
What does a function magnetic Resonance Imager do?
- Detects the acitivity of hemoglobin with and without oxygen
100
What are the advantages of Neuroimaging?
- Can see correlations between activity and behavior
- Non-invasive
101
What is the blood Brain Barrier?
- Membrane that excluedes most chemical from passing into brain via the bloodshtream
102
What happeneds if pathogen passes the BBB?
- Gila may attack it
- Death
- Pathogen stays in nervous system for life
103
What are endothelial cells?
- Found in walls of blood vessels
- Helps fluid function, inflammation and blood clotting
104
What is passive transport?
- Where small uncharged molecueles or fat soluble molecules pass freely through barriers
105
What is Active Transport?
- How all other moleucels pass through barriers
106
What is an ion?
- Molecule or atom that has a charge
107
What types of passive transport are there?
- Concentration gradient
- Electrical Gradient
108
What is concentration gradient?
- The amount of a molecule same on the inside of cell as outside.
- moves through barrier it not balanced
109
What is electrial grdient?
- when ions want to be balance between inside and outside of cell
- Cell naturally negative inside and positive outside
110
What types of active transport are there?
- Ion pump
- Sodium-potassium pump
111
How does a sodium-potassium pump work?
- Passes 3 sodium ions out of cell for every 2 potassium ions pumped into cell
112
What is resting potention?
-
113
Tpes of ions in a cell?
- Na+
- Cl-
- K+
- A-
114
How is Na+ ion during resting potention?
- Can't pass freely across membrane
- Higher concentration outside neuron
115
How does passive transport effect Na+
- Concentration gradient pushes Na+ inside cell
- Electrical gradient pushes Na+ inside cell
116
How does Cl- act during resting potential?
- Cant passivly cross
- Hiher concentration outside cell
117
How does passive transport effect Cl-?
- Concentration gradient pushes them inside
- Electrical gradient pushes them outside
118
How does K+ act during resting potential?
- Passively corss cell membrane through open channels
- Higher concentration inside neuron
119
How does passive transport effect K+?
- Concentration Gradient Pushes K+ out (stronger then electrical)
- Electrical gradient keeps K+ inside cell
120
How does A+ act during Resting Potential?
- Cant passively cross cell membrane
- Higher concentration inside
121
What is action potential?
- when neuron is sufficiently stimulated, it reaches the treshold and action potentioal fired
122
What is hyperpolarization?
making cell more negative
123
What is depolarizing?
- Making less negative
124
What is reverse polarization?
- When cell becomes possitive
125
Is there a species brain size and behavior correlation?
- No correlation between brain size and inteligence
126
What is Encephalization Quotient?
- Ratio between expected brain mass and actual brain mass
127
Is there correlation between brain size in humans and intellegence?
- Small correlation because recorded all areas of brain and there is bound to be some difference
128
Is there a correlation between genders and intelligence?
- Men have larger brains but equal IQ's
- Difference betwen sertain areas of the brain
129
What are the structures of a nerve cell?
- Dendrites
- Soma
- Axon
130
What do Dendrites do?
- Branches surrounding soma
- Lined with synaptic receptors that receive information from other neurons
131
What does the soma do?
- Cell body
- Contains nucleu, ribosomes and mitochondria
- Carries out most metabolic processes of cell
- Covered in synapses that connect neurons to one another
132
What do axons do?
- Long tail exiting the soma
Carries electrical ipulses towards other neurons
133
What are the axon strustues?
- Myelin sheath
- Nodes of Ranvier
- Presynaptic perminals
134
What does a myelin sheath do?
- Fatty sheet wraped around axon
- Increases electrical speed
135
What are noes of Ranvier do?
- Space between myelin sheath
- have Na+ K+ pumps that help with action potential
136
What are presynaptic termainals?
- End of axon
- Releases chemical that pass to next neuron
137
What are afferent neurons?
- Brings information into a neural struture
138
What are efferent neuronts?
- Carries information away form a neural strucure
139
What are Gilia?
- Smaller then neurons but more in numbers
140
Typs of Gila?
- Astrocytes
- Microgila
- Oligodendrocytes
- Schwann cells
- Radial Gila
141
What do Astrocytes do?
- Star shaped
- Wrap around acons of runctionally related neurons
- Help synchronize firing of neurons
- Remove wates material and regualte blood flow
142
What do microgila do?
- Very small
- remove watematerial, fungi, viruses and other microrganisms
143
What do oligodendrocytes do?
- Duild myelin sheaths in CNS
144
What do schwann cells do?
- BUild myelin sheath in PNS
145
What do Radial Gila do?
- Guide migration of neurons during embryonic development
- After migration they become other gilia
146
What are synapses?
- gaps between two neurons where cheimical communication takes palce
147
What is a reflex?
- Automatic muscular response to a stimulus
148
What is Reflex arc?
- Sensory neuron excites second neuron
- Second neuron excites motor neuron
- Motor neuron excites muscle
149
What did Chales Sherrington find?
- Several weak stimuli are stronger then one stimulus
- When one muslce is excited different musles are relaxed
150
What is temporal summation?
- Few rapid pinches produced a response when one pinch did not
151
What is excitatory postynaptic potential?
Created by one pinch
- Patial excitation is not enough to depolarize neuron beyond theshold like multiple pinches do
152
What does spatial summation do?
- Pinching two different spots at same time
- Two separate sensory neurons were activated and both together is enough to cause action potential in motor neuron
153
What is an inhibitory synapses do?
- Flexor muslces of pinched leg contracted
- Extensor musles of other legs contracted
- Extensor musles of pinched leg relaxed
- Flexor musles of other three legs relaxed
154
What is inhibitory postsynaptic potential?
- Occurs when a presynaptic neuron hyperpolariizes its postynaptic neuron
155
What is spontaneous firing rate?
- Production of action potential that occur without any imput from other neurons
156
What are ionotropic receptors?
- A receptor which, when bound by neurotransmitter, directly effects the cahnnel that is atteched to it
157
What must neurotansmitters have?
- Be produced within a neuron
- released by neuron
- act on post-synaptic receptor
- undergo deactivation or reuptake
158
What is metabotropic receptor?
- a receptor which when bound by a neurotransmitter, sets of a chain of events that indirectly effects a channel
159
What is glutamate and what does it do?
- Neurotransmitter
- Most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter
- involved in learning and memory
160
What is exocytosis?
- Over stimulation of a neuron that leads to death of the cells
161
What is GABA and what does it do?
- Main inhibitory neurotransmitter ina central nervous system
- Opens Cl- Lingand-gated channels
162
What is serotonin and what does it do?
- A neurotransmitter
- Involved in sleep cycle, mood, sexual behavior , anxiety and digestion
163
What is the reward system of the brain?
- Pleasure circuit
- Activated by antyhing that makes you feel good
- Release dopamine and norepinephrine
164
What is dopamine do?
- neurotransmitter
- Inovled in motor control, mood, reinforcing behavior
-
165
what does norephinephrine do?
- Involved in attentionand mood
166
What is an agnoist drug?
- A drug that mimics or increases the effects of a particular neurotransmitter
167
What is an Antagonist drug?
- A Drug that blocks a particular neurotransmitter
168
What is affinity?
- a rugs abiity ot bind to a particular receptor
169
What is drug efficacy?
- A drugs tendency to activate a receptor
170
What are stimulants?
- Increase excitement, alertness and activity
- Decrease appetite and create stae of euphoria
171
What is Cocaine?
- Type of stimulant
- Blocks reuptake of dopamine, norephinephrine, and aserotonin
172
What are amphetamines?
- A stimulant
- Increase relase of dopamine
173
What do reuptake transorters do?
- Protein comples that pulls a neurotransmiiter back into the presynaptic neuron
174
What is caffeine?
- A stimulant
- Inhibits release of norephinephrine
- increases rlease of epinephrine and dopamine
175
What is Nicotine?
- Stimulants
- Reduces anxiety, increase vigilance
- increased dopamine and norepinephrine release by nhibiting GABA
- Acetylcholine agonist
176
What are opiates?
- stimulant
- Increase release dopamine
- Agonist for endophin receptors
inhibit GABA
177
What is mariguanna?
- Stimulant
- Inhibit release of glutamate
- increase motivation to eat
- leads to difficulties consolidating memories
- increase dopamine
178
What is alcholol?
- Depressant
- GABA agonist
- Increases GABA
- Increases Serotoning
- Increase Adenosine
- Increase Dopamine
179
What is up regulation?
- When ther is frequently an insufficient amoun of a neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft
- the postsynaptic neuron may develop more receptor for that particular neurotransmitter
180
What is Down regulation of synaptic receptors?
- When thre is frequently an abundance of a neurotransimtter in synaptic cleft, the postsynaptic neuron may lose some of the receptors
181
What is tolerance?
- A decrease in the enjoyable aspects of using a particular drug
182
What is withdrawal?
- Negative ften painful symptoms that occur after drug stops being used
