Exam 1 Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
Wundt
A
- campaigned to make psych an independent discipline
- established first psych lab in 1879
2
Q
birth of psychology
A
occured with the establishment of first psych lab in 1879
3
Q
Edward Titchener
A
developed structuralism
4
Q
structuralism
A
analyze consciousness into basic elements
belief that consciousness can be broken down into basic units
5
Q
introspection
A
careful systematic observations of one’s own conscious experience
6
Q
issues with structuralism
A
nothing is actually isolated in consciousness
7
Q
William James
A
functionalism
8
Q
functionalism
A
investigate function of consciousness
led to mental testing, developmental patterns etc
coined “stream of consciousness”
9
Q
Sigmund Freud
A
founded psychoanalytic school of thought
emphasized unconscious processes that influenced behavior
10
Q
the unconscious (according to freud)
A
what is outside of awareness
11
Q
Freud’s ideas
A
- behavior influenced by unconscious
- unconscious conflict related to sexuality plays role in behvior
12
Q
John B Watson
A
founder of behaviorism
13
Q
behaviorists say psych is ___
A
scientific study of behavior and that behavior is overt of observable responses/activites
14
Q
behaviorism
A
study of behavior
behaviorists say that the unconscious is unstudyable
study of consciousness was abandoned
15
Q
Behaviorism: nature or nurture?
A
NURTURE
behaviorist school of thought emphasizes environment (nurture)
16
Q
B.F. Skinner
A
follower of Watson's believes in nurture not nature positive reinforcement negative reinforcement free will is an illusion consciousness=black box; not a science
17
Q
Rise of Humanism
A
1950’s started with the opposition to Pyschoanalytic Theory and Behaviorism because of their “dehumanizing” nature
led by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
18
Q
Humanism
A
led by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
- optimistic
- emphasized unique qualities of humans-freedom and personal growth
19
Q
applied psych
A
how people percieve things in the natural world
20
Q
clinical psych
A
diagnosing psychpathology
21
Q
importance of WWII
A
when vets came back they go clinical psych and continued to want therapy–> psych receives institutional support
22
Q
cognition
A
mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge
application of scientific methods to studying internal mental events
23
Q
cognitive revolution
A
50s and 60s
24
Q
when did cognition surpass behavior studies
A
1975ish
25
biological perspective
behavior explained in terms of physiological processes
26
ethocentrism
viewing one's own group as superior and as the standard for judging
27
evolutionary psychology
human adaptations--premise that natural selection occurs for behaviors as well as physical characteristics
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Buss, Daly & WIlson, Cosmides and Tooby
1980's-1990's
Studied natural selection of mating preferences, jealousy, aggression, sexual behavior, language, decision making, personality, and development
29
Martin Seligman
positive psychology (idea came from Seligman's epiphany w/ daughter saying he's always grumpy)
30
positive psychology
Seligman
humanism revisited
supposed to come to an understanding the positive, creative and fulfilling parts of human experience
talks about flow (something you really enjoy so the time flies)
31
define psychology today
science that studies behavior and mental processes; profession that applies this knowledge to practical problems
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psychology as a field (today) is...
empirical (based on controlled testing/observation)
theoretically diverse
evolves in sociohistorical context
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psychology today-behavior is...
determined by multiple causes
shaped by cultural heritage
influenced by nurture and nature
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looking for psych laws-assumption in this is...
events ar governed by some lawful order and that there is order to behavior
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goals of scientific approach to behavior
1-measurement and desription
2-understanding and prediction (of behavior)
3- application and control
36
steps of scientific investigation
1-formulate testable hypothesis
2-select research method and design the study
3-collect data
4-analyze the data and draw conclustions
5-report the findings (absolutely crucial)
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experimental research
looks for causes
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experiment
manipulation of one variable under controlled conditions so that resulting changes in another variable can be observed
variables are isolated
detection of cause-effect relationship
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independent variable
variable manipulated (x)
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dependent variable
(y) variable affected by manipulation of the IV
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experimental group
subjects who get the "treatment"
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control group
subjects who do not get treatment
random assignment
IV is manipulated for one group only
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how to reduce extraneous variables
expose a single group to two different conditions-extraneous variables gone because it's the same people under each condition
44
strengths of experimental research
conclusions about cause and effect relationships can be drawn
can create wider variety of scenarios
can replicate the study
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weaknesses of experimental research
artificial
people know they're being studied
ethical and practical issues
46
concept of correlation
gives a direction of the relationship
strength of relationship (w correlation coefficient)
allows for prediction but not causation
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positive correlation
high scores on x associated with high scores on y and low scores on x associated with low scores on y
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negative correlation
high associated with low and low associtated with high
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when to use descriptive methods
methods used when a researcher cannot manipulate the variable under study
50
what are the descriptive methods
naturalistic observation
case studies
surveys
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benefits of descriptive methods
allows researchers to describe patterns of behavior and eiscover links/associations but CANNOT IMPLY CAUSATION
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sampling bias
when sample isn't representative of poplulation of interest
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placebo effects
anticipation of result---> result in subject ex:sugar pill
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social desirability bias
the tendency to report self as more socially desirable
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response set
distortion exhibitted when subject consistently answers the same response in a survey ex:going down survey and answering purely "a" or "yes"
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experimenter bias
the expectation of the experimenter can skew the data
57
double blind solution
neither the experimenter nor the subject knows who is recieving the treatment-limits experment bias
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single-blind
subjects don't know whether they are in the experimental or control group
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ethics of deception
allowed to lie if potentiaal findings outweigh the cost of deception
subjects must be debriefed as soon as possible
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ethics of animal research
can't use animals if it will not further knowledge/add to existing psych research
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American Psychological Association
APA ensures human and animal subjects are treated with dignity
62
perception
the sorting out, interpretation, analysis and integration of stimuli involving sense organs and brain
63
sensation
the process by which our sense organs receive info from the environment
64
psychophysics
study of the relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological experience of them
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stimulus
energy that produces a response in a sense organ
varies in type and intensity
66
absolute threshold
the smallest INTENSITY of a stimulus that must be present for it to be detected
67
noise
background stimulation that interferes with the perception of other stimuli
68
Weber's law
law of psychophysics that states a "just noticeable difference" is constant proportion of the intensity of the initial stimulus
69
just noticeable difference
the smallest level of stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occured
70
sensory adaptation
an adjustment in sensory capacity following prolonged exposure to stimuli
71
rods
thin cylindrical receptor cells that are highly sensitive to light
72
cones
light-sensitive receptor cells responsible for sharp focus and color perception particularly in bright light
73
opponent-process theory of color vision
proposes that receptor cells are linked in pairs working in opposition to eachother
ex: after looking at something colorful for a while, when you look at a plain white background you will see the complimentary colors of that image
74
olfaction
can detect more that 10,000 different smells
can identify gender by smell
can evoke memories
75
taste
gustation
you taste with your taste buds (on tongue and throat and mouth)
there are "supertasters" and "nontasters"
76
basic tastes
bitter
sour
salty
sweet/fatty
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skin senses
touch, pressure, temperature and pain
78
gate-control theory of pain
pathways to pain open and close- often don't at first experience pain, then the gate opens.
nerver reeceptors in the spinal cord lead to specific areas of the brain and are related to pain
79
gestalt laws of organization
whole different that the sum of the parts
figure and ground-
figure is the object being perceived and ground is the background or space within the object
figure and ground can have changing perceptions without the stimulus changing ex: chalice/faces in profile
80
figure-ground gestalt principle
ground always seen as farther away than the figure
81
proximity gestalt principle
objects that are physically close together are grouped together
82
continuity gestalt principle
objects that continue a pattern are grouped together
83
closure gestalt principle
the tendency to see a finished unit from an incomplete stimulus
84
similarity gestalt principle
things that are simliar are perceived as going together
85
feature analysis
an approach that considers how we perceive a shape, patter, object or scene by reacting first to the individual elements that make it up
we break down what we're seeing and see the image as parts put together
86
perceptual constancy
phenomena in which objects are percieved as unvarying/consistent despite changes (ex person walking toward you, you don't think he/she is physically getting larger)
87
top-down processing
perception guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations and motivations (ex: experienced readers can understand highly misspelled paragraphs)
88
bottom-up processing
perception that consists of recognizing and processing info about individual components of the stimuli (ex: learning the letters to learn to read)
89
depth perception
ability to perceive 3d space and accurately judge distance
90
binocular disparity
ability of brain to integrate 2 images from the eyes into 1 composite view
91
monocular cues
cues that allow us to obtain a sense of depth and distance with just 1 eye
92
subliminal perception
perception of messages about which we have no awareness
93
extrasensory perception
the ability to go beyond one's 5 senses
seeing ghosts/hearing voices
