Exam 1 Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
Define Epidemiology
A
the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations
2
Q
Deine Epidemic
A
an unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related event in a particular population
3
Q
Define Endemic disease
A
a disease that occurs regularly in a population as a matter of course
4
Q
Define Epidemiologist
A
one who practices epidemiology
5
Q
Define Pandemic
A
an outbreak of disease over a wide geographic area such as a continent
6
Q
Define Cases
A
people afflicted with a disease
7
Q
Define Rate
A
the number of events that occur in a given population in a given period of time
8
Q
What is the Natality Rate?
A
Birth Rate
the number of live births divided by the total population
9
Q
What is the Morbidity rate?
A
the rate of illness in a population
10
Q
What is the Mortality rate?
A
fatality rate
the number of deaths in a population divided by the total population
11
Q
Define the Population at risk.
A
those in the population who are susceptible to a particular disease or condition
12
Q
Define the Incidence rate.
A
the number of new health-related events or cases of a disease in a population exposed to that risk during a particular period of time, divided by the total number in that same population
13
Q
Define Acute disease.
A
a disease that lasts three months or less
14
Q
Define Attack rate.
A
an incidence rate calculated for a particular population for a single disease outbreak, expressed as a percentage
15
Q
Define Prevalence rate
A
the number of new and old cases of a disease in a population in a given period of time, divided by the total number in that population
16
Q
Define Chronic disease.
A
a disease or health condition that lasts longer than three months
17
Q
Define Crude rate.
A
denominator includes the total population
– Crude birth rate: number of live births in given year, divided by midyear population
– Crude death rate: number of deaths in given year from all causes, divided by midyear population
18
Q
Crude birth rate.
A
the number of live births per 1,000 in a population in a given period of time
19
Q
Why are rates important to look at?
A
Rates allow for comparison of outbreaks at different times or in different places
20
Q
Which rate is particularly important to look at for acute diseases?
A
Incidence rates (how quickly are new people getting sick?)
21
Q
Which rate is particularly important to look at for chronic disease?
A
Prevalence rate (how many people all together are currently sick?)
22
Q
What are Age-adjusted rates used for?
A
these are used to make comparisons of relative risks across groups and over time when groups differ in age structure
23
Q
Define Crude death rate.
A
the number of deaths from all causes per 100,000 in a population in a given period of time
24
Q
Define cause specific mortality rate.
A
measures death rate for a specific disease
25
Define Case fatality rate.
percentage of cases of a particular disease that result in death
26
Define Proportionate mortality ratio.
percentage of overall mortality in a population that is attributable to a particular cause
27
Which rates are are multiplied by 1,000?
Crude Birth rate (live births/mid year population)(1,000)
Infant Mortality rate (deaths under age 1/live births)(1,000)
Neonatal mortality rate (deaths under 28days old/live births)(1,000)
28
Which rates are multiplied by 100,000
Crude death rate (number of deaths for any cause/mid year population) (100,000)
Age-specific death rate (number of deaths in an age range/ estimated mid-year population in that age range)(100,000)
Case Specific Death Rate (number of deaths due to a cause/midyear population)(100,000)
Age specific, case specific death rate (number of deaths in an age range due to a specific cause/mid year population)(100,00)
29
Define Notifiable Disease
infectious diseases in which health officials request or require reporting; can become epidemics
30
How are notifiable diseases, deaths, and births reported?
to CDC via National Electronic Telecommunications System (NETS)
31
Who do doctors and clinics report their birth, deaths, and notifiable diseases to?
The local health department
which reports to the state health department
which sends NETS reports to the CDC
32
What is the most reliable measure of population health status?
Mortality statistics
33
Define life expectancy.
average number of years a person from a specific cohort is projected to live from a given point in time
34
Define YPLL.
Years Potential Life Lost
number of years lost when death occurs before one’s life expectancy
Difficult to determine because life expectancy changes at different ages
35
How do you calculate YPLL?
Subtract person’s age at death from his or her life expectancy. Generally 75 is used.
So if a 65 year old passes away the YPLL=10
If a 5 year old passes away the YPLL=70
36
Define DALYs
Disability-Adjusted Life Years
Measures burden of disease
One DALY=one lost year of healthy life
37
Define HALE
Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy
Number of years of healthy life expected, on average, in a given population or region of the world
38
What is secondary data?
data collected by someone else, possibly for another purpose. Useful in planning of public heath programs and facilities
ex: US Census
39
What is the US Census?
Enumeration of the population
Taken every 10 years
Gathers data on race, age, income, employment, education, dwelling type, other
40
Give 3 examples of sources of standardized data?
1. Statistical Abstract of the United States
2. Monthly Vital Statistics Report
3. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
41
Which sources of standardized data is a summary of vital statistics of records of major life events: birth, death, marriage, divorce?
Monthly vital statistics report
42
Which sources of standardized data is created by the Census and is a Summary of statistics on social, political, and economic organization of the United States?
Statistical Abstract of the United States
43
Which sources of standardized data reports outbreaks of disease, environmental hazards, unusual cases, or other public health problems?
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
44
What did the National Health Survey Act of 1956 do?
authorized continuing survey of amount, distribution, and effects of illness and disability in the U.S.
45
What are the three types of health surveys?
Health interviews of people
Clinical tests, measurements, and physical examinations
Surveys of places where people receive medical care
46
Name 3 national health surveys.
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) – Conducted by NCHS. Questions respondents about their health
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Assesses health and nutrition status through mobile examination center
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS); National Health Care Survey (NHCS)
47
When do epidemiologies carry out studies?
when disease or death occurs in unexpected or unacceptable numbers
48
What are the 2 types of studies normally conducted?
Descriptive studies
Describe epidemics with respect to person, place,
and time
Analytic studies
Aimed at testing hypotheses
49
What are epidemic curves?
Graphic display of the cases of disease according to the time or date of onset of symptoms
50
What can single epidemic curves be used for?
Can be used to calculate incubation period – period of time between exposure to an infectious agent and onset of symptoms
51
What are the 2 types of single epidemic curves?
Common source epidemic curve
• Point source epidemic curve
• Continuous source epidemic curve
Propagated epidemic curve
52
What are 2 types of analytic studies?
Observational studies: investigator observes natural course of events, noting exposed vs. unexposed and disease development
• Case/control studies • Cohort studies
Experimental studies: investigator allocates exposure and follows development of disease
53
What is the goal of case control studies?
identifying factors more common in case than control group by matching/comparing those who have the disease with those who don't but have a similar background.
54
Define Cohort.
group of people who share important demographic characteristic
55
Why are experimental studies done?
to identify cause of disease or determine effectiveness of vaccine, drug, or procedure
56
What is the key characteristic of experimental studies?
The control varribles with:
- Control groups
- Randomization
- Blinding
- Placebo: blank treatment
57
What is the purpose of having Criteria of Causation?
looking at development and cause of disease; asking the questions did risk cause disease?
58
What should be considered when trying to decided if there is a causative relationship?
```
– Strength
– Consistency
– Specificity
– Temporality
– Biological plausibility
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59
Why do we classify disease?
Classification can lead to prevention and control strategies
60
Define Communicable Disease.
infectious diseases
those diseases for which biological agents or their products are the cause and that are transmissible from one individual to another
61
Define Noncommunicable Disease.
noninfectious diseases
| those illnesses that cannot be transmitted from one person to another
62
How can diseases classified by duration of symptoms?
Acute – diseases in which peak severity of symptoms occurs and subsides within 3 months
Chronic – diseases or conditions in which symptoms continue longer than 3 months
Acute and Chronic disease can both be communicable or noncommunicable
63
Define Infectivity.
ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in the host
64
What is the agent?
cause of disease or health problem
65
What is the host?
susceptible person or organism invaded by an infectious agent
66
What is the environment?
factors that inhibit or promote disease transmission
67
What is the pathogenicity?
capability of a communicable agent to cause disease in a susceptible host
68
What agent causes Chicken Pox?
Varicella Virus
69
What causes AIDS?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
70
What disease is caused by the Rubella Virus?
German measles
71
What disease is caused by Rikettsia rickettsii?
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
72
What causes cholera?
Vibrio Cholerae (bacteria)
73
What does Clostridium tetani bacteria cause?
Tetanus
74
What does yersinia pestis cause?
The Plague
75
What bacteria causes Lyme disease?
Borrelia Burgdorferi
76
What does the protozoa entamoeba histolytica case?
Amebic Dysentery
77
What causes malaria?
Plasmodium
78
What does trypanosoma gambiense cause?
African sleeping sickness
79
What causes jock itch?
Tinea cruris
80
What does tinea pedis cause?
Athlete's foot
81
What does the wuchereia bancrofti worm cause?
Filariasis (elephantiasis)
82
What does the onchocerca volvulus worm cause?
Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
83
What is the chain of infection?
Step-by-step model to conceptualize the transmission of a communicable disease from its source to a susceptible host
Pathogen->reservoir->portal of exit->transmission->portal of entry->establishment of infection in new host
84
What is a Reservoir
favorable environment for infectious agent to live and grow (human, animal, etc.)
85
What is the Portal of exit?
path by which agent leaves host
86
What is Transmission
how pathogens are passed from reservoir to next host
87
What is the portal of entry?
where agent enters susceptible host
88
What is the New host?
susceptible to new infection being established
89
What are zoonoses?
diseases for which the reservoir resides in animal populations
90
What are Anthroponoses?
diseases for which humans are the only known reservoir
91
What are the modes of transmission?
Direct transmission
| Indirect transmission
92
Define direct transmission.
immediate transfer of disease agent between infected and susceptible individuals
• Touching, biting, kissing, sexual intercourse
93
Define indirect transmission.
transmission involving an intermediate step
• Airborne, vehicleborne, vectorborne, biological
• Vehicles – nonliving objects by which agents are transferred to susceptible host
94
Are the leading causes of death in the US Communicable or noncommunicable?
NONCOMMUNICABLE
95
What are the three leading causes of death in the US?
Heart disease, stroke, cancer
96
What is the disease model for noncommunicable disease?
Multicausation disease model
• Host: inalterable, unique genetic endowment
* Personality, beliefs, behavioral choices: impact host
* Complex environment: exposes host to risk factors
97
Give examples of noncommunicable disease
Diseases of the heart and blood vessels
• Coronary heart disease
• Cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
Malignant neoplasms (cancer)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Diabetes mellitus
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis
98
What criteria is used to is used to prioritize prevention and control of a disease?
Number of people who will die from a disease
• Leading causes of death
Number of years of potential life lost
• Captures issues affiliated with various groups
Economic costs associated with disease
• Money spent at various levels of government; ex: alcohol and other drugs
99
Define Pervention
planning for and taking action to prevent or forestall onset of disease or health problem
100
Define Intervention
effort to control disease in progress; taking action during an event
101
Define Disease control
Containment of a disease; prevention and intervention measures
102
Define Eradication
total elimination of disease from human population
103
What are the levels of prevention?
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
104
Describe primary prevention
Forestall onset of illness or injury during prepathogenesis period
105
Describe secondary prevention
Early diagnosis and prompt treatment before disease becomes advanced and disability severe
106
Describe Tertiary prevention
Aimed at rehabilitation following significant pathogenesis; retrain, reeducate, rehabilitate
107
Give some examples of primary prevention strategies for communicable diseases.
Individuals: Hand washing, using condoms, properly cooking food
Communities: Chlorinating water supply, inspecting restaurants, immunization programs for all citizens, vector control, solid waste disposal
108
Give some examples of secondary prevention strategies for communicable diseases.
Individuals: Self-diagnosis, self-treatment w/home remedies • Antibiotics prescribed by a physician
Communities: Controlling or limiting extent of an epidemic
by carefully maintaining records: investigating cases
Isolation, quarantine, disinfection
109
Give some examples of tertiary prevention strategies for communicable diseases.
Individuals: Recovery to full health after infection; return to normal activity
Communities: Preventing recurrence of epidemics. Removal, embalming, burial of dead. Reapplication of primary and secondary measures
110
Give some examples of primary prevention strategies for noncommunicable diseases.
Individuals: Education and knowledge about health and disease prevention, eating
properly, adequate exercise, driving safely
Communities: Adequate food and energy supplies, efficient community services, opportunities for education, employment, and housing
111
Give some examples of secondary prevention strategies for noncommunicable diseases.
Individuals: Personal screenings (mammogram, pap test, PSA test), regular medical and dental checkups, pursuit of diagnosis and prompt treatment
Communities: Provision of mass screenings for chronic diseases, case-finding measures, provision of adequate health personnel, equipment, and facilities
112
Give some examples of tertiary prevention strategies for noncommunicable diseases.
Individuals: Significant behavioral or lifestyle changes, adherence to prescribed
medications, following rehabilitation requirements after surgery
Communities: Adequate emergency medical personnel and services: hospitals, surgeons, nurses, ambulance services
