Exam 1

Question 1

What is a drug

Answer 1

any substance that when administered to living organisms, produces a change in function

Question 2

What is the study of adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents

Answer 2

toxicology

Question 3

Which drug act was the first attempt to protect consumers, all drugs must meet minimal standards of strength purity and quality, must label container if drug contains dangerous ingredients

Answer 3

1906 pure food and drug act

Question 4

this was passed after a drug company distributed a sulfa drug to pediatric patients, authorized the FDA to demand evidence of safety for new drugs, issue standards for food, and conduct factory inspections

Answer 4

1938 federal food, drug, and cosmetic act

Question 5

Defined that drugs could only be purchased if the patient had a prescription from a licensed practitioner

Answer 5

1951 FD&C Durham-humphrey amendment

Question 6

This act required drug manufacturers to use standard labeling, listing adverse reactions and contraindications. Required drug companies to prove their drugs safety and effectiveness

Answer 6

1962 FD&C kefauever harris amendment

Question 7

The 1970 comprehensive drug abuse prevent and control act is commonly referred to as

Answer 7

controlled substances act

Question 8

designed to regulate the dispensing of drugs that have the potential for abuse

Answer 8

controlled substances

Question 9

Drugs with a high abuse potential and no accepted medical use are a schedule ____

Answer 9

1

Question 10

schedule 1 drugs

Answer 10

heroin, hallucinogens, marijuana

Question 11

drugs with high abuse potential and accepted medical use are schedule __ (no refills w/o a new written prescription)

Answer 11

2

Question 12

schedule 2 drugs are

Answer 12

narcotics, cocaine

Question 13

what agency is responsible for food distrubution and school lunch programs

Answer 13

U.S. Department of agriculture

Question 14

What agency is responsible for agricultural and industrial chemicals - water

Answer 14

environmental protection agency

Question 15

intended physiological effect of the drug

Answer 15

therapeutic effect

Question 16

medical conditions or diseases for which the drug is meant to be used

Answer 16

indication

Question 17

condition or types of patients that warrant closer observation for specific side effects

Answer 17

caution

Question 18

unintended effects other than the therapeutic effect

Answer 18

side effect

Question 19

location in the body where the drug exerts its therapeutic effect

Answer 19

site of action

Question 20

how a drug works

Answer 20

mechanism of action

Question 21

drugs that bind to a specific receptor and produce an action

Answer 21

agonists

Question 22

example of an agonist

Answer 22

morphine

Question 23

drugs that bind to specific receptors and prohibit and effect

Answer 23

antagonists

Question 24

example of antagonists

Answer 24

beta-blockers

Question 25

when both agonist and antagonist drugs bind to the same receptor and are administered together

Answer 25

competitive antagonism

Question 26

strength of a drug action is determined by

Answer 26

dose and frequency

Question 27

amount of drug given to produce an effect

Answer 27

dose

Question 28

drug response is proportional to the _____

Answer 28

dose

Question 29

when maximal response is eventually reached it is known as

Answer 29

ceiling effect

Question 30

initial high dose used to quickly elevate blood levels of the drug

Answer 30

loading dose

Question 31

3 phases of drug activity

Answer 31

pharma-ceutic, phamaco-kinetic, phamaco-dynamic

Question 32

occurs after the drug is given and involves disintegration and dissolution of the dosage form. affected by the form of the drug and route of administration

Answer 32

pharmaceutic phase

Question 33

approximate onset of action for an oral (PO) drug

Answer 33

30-60 min

Question 34

What happens to the drug as it moves throgh the body ADME

Answer 34

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Question 35

what the body does to the drug is the ____ phase

Answer 35

pharmacokinetic

Question 36

drug needs to be _____ in order for absorption to occur

Answer 36

un-ionized

Question 37

to increase excretion, ______

Answer 37

change the pH of the urine

Question 38

urine can be alkalinized by giving the patient

Answer 38

sodium bicarbonate

Question 39

most drugs are water soluable or water insoluable

Answer 39

water soluable

Question 40

what has the fastest rate of absorption

Answer 40

lipid soluable, non-ionized

Question 41

slowest absorption

Answer 41

enteric coated tablets

Question 42

major sites of absorption

Answer 42

GI tract, lungs, skin

Question 43

parenteral sites of absorption

Answer 43

intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal

Question 44

the % of a dose that reaches the bloodstream is referrerd to as ____ Of a drug

Answer 44

bioavailability

Question 45

Only ____ drug molecules can exert a pharmacological effect

Answer 45

unbound (FREE)

Question 46

what organs have the largest blood supply

Answer 46

liver, kidneys, and bain

Question 47

_______drugs pass readily into the brain

Answer 47

lipid-soluable

Question 48

the most major route of drug excretion

Answer 48

urine

Question 49

albumin is a _____ in the blood that attracts drugs

Answer 49

plasma protein

Question 50

ADME

Answer 50

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Question 51

metabolism aka

Answer 51

detoxification or biotransformation

Question 52

the drug microsomal metabolizing system (DMMS)

Answer 52

CP450

Question 53

major excretion sites

Answer 53

urine, bile, lungs, GI tract, breast milk

Question 54

minor excretion

Answer 54

sweat, tears, saliva, semen

Question 55

bile acids are made where

Answer 55

liver from cholesterol

Question 56

what the drug does to the body

Answer 56

pharmacodynamic phase

Question 57

the action of the drugs on the living tissue

Answer 57

pharmacodynamic phase

Question 58

pharmacodynamic phase is affected by

Answer 58

the form of the drug, and the route of administration

Question 59

what 2 requirements must every drug fulfill

Answer 59

efficacy and safety

Question 60

most adverse effects of drugs are

Answer 60

dose dependant

Question 61

cause of birth defects from maternal drug administration

Answer 61

teratogens

Question 62

target organ toxicity

Answer 62

any organ may be damaged but often toxic compounds will damage specific organs

Question 63

most susceptivle organs to toxicity

Answer 63

liver, kidneys, lungs

Question 64

in the liver what decreases if damaged

Answer 64

albumin

Question 65

what decreases in the lungs if damaged

Answer 65

FEV forced expiratiory volume

Question 66

teratogenesis- most susceptible to gross anatomical abnormalities during

Answer 66

organogenesis (18-55 days)

Question 67

mutagenesis

Answer 67

drug interacts directly with dna, dna damage, base subs

Question 68

This act required drugs to meet Minimal standards of strength, purity, and quality

Answer 68

Pure food and drug act

Question 69

Desired effects of a drug

Answer 69

Therapeutic effect

Question 70

What can not exert a pharmacological effect

Answer 70

Protein bound drugs

Question 71

Patient is given sedative but is instead anxious what type of effect is this

Answer 71

Paradoxical

Question 72

Chromosomal damage is known as

Answer 72

Clastogenesis