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Epidemiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

The Study of the
distribution and determinants of
health-related events in a Population.

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

Any abnormality in

structure, function, or production

A

Disease

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3
Q

A state of complete physical,
mental, and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or
infirmity

A

Health

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4
Q

The dynamic balance
between a host (or host population) and it’s
environment

A

Another definition for Health

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5
Q

A collective group of organisms of the same species

occupying a particular space

A

Definition of a Population (in Ecology)

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6
Q

The totality of individual observations about which
inferences are to be made, existing anywhere in the world or at
least within a specified sampling area limited in space and
time.

A

Definition of a Population (in Statistics)

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7
Q

Totality of individuals of the same kind that

share or have in common certain attributes

A

Definition of a Population (in Epidemiology)

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8
Q

Clinical Epidemiology: Focuses on the types of questions that are asked in the practice of medicine; which ones are they?

A 
Normal/Abnormal
Dx
Frequency
Risk/Prevention
Prognosis
Treatment
Cause
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9
Q

What does SOAP stand for?

A

Subjective
Objective
Assessment/Analysis
Plan

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10
Q

Any abnormality in structure

function, or production

A

Disease

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11
Q

The invasion and multiplication of an infectious agent in a host. This may or may not cause disease (traditionally refers to viruses,
bacteria, fungi, protozoa, prions)

A

Infection

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12
Q

Parasitic aggression or

subsistence on the surface of the host (ectoparasites) or invasion of the tissues or organs by endoparasites)

A

Infestation

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13
Q

A natural unit which includes all the biological and physical components of a given area, and the relationships linking them together

A

Ecosystem

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14
Q

Successive steps in the evolution of a disease in a population, when there is no intervention

A

Natural History

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15
Q

Study of the environment and of the interrelationships between organisms and their
environment: The ecology of microorganisms includes two study levels, the level dealing with organisms that host them and the environment where the organisms live

A

Disease Ecology

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16
Q

Anything that causes disease

A

The Agent

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17
Q

the characteristic of a microorganism that allows it to infect and subsequently survive and multiply within a host

A

Infectivity

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18
Q

the host-specific ability of an infectious agent to multiply in the host while inducing lesions and disease

A

Virulence

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19
Q

the host-specific ability of an agent to cause disease or otherwise induce pathological change in a susceptible host

A

Pathogenicity

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20
Q

A living organism (human,
animal, etc) that is exposed
to, and affected by, the
agent

A

The host

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21
Q

Action/event/process
whereby a pathogen is passed from
one individual to another

A

Transmission

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22
Q

Disease whose agent can be

transferred from one individual to another

A

Communicable disease

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23
Q

disease–Disease transmitted by
the transfer of a pathogen from one infected
host to another by direct or indirect contact

A

Contagious disease

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24
Q

Disease caused by an
infection
(virus, bacteria, protozoan, prion)

A

Infectious disease

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25
Disease caused by an infestation—(now included with infectious diseases)
Parasitic disease
26
Transmission of a pathogen from an individual hosting the agent to another individual, independent of the parental relationship of those individuals
Horizontal transmission
27
3 types of horizontal transmission?
1. Direct- direct contact, direct projection (droplets) 2. Indirect-vehicle borne (fomites), vector borne 3. Airborne-droplet nuclei, dust (inhaled)
28
An object on which pathogens | may be conveyed
Fomite
29
Transmission by a vector (a living creature which, because of its ecological relationship to others, acquires a pathogen from one living host and transmits it to another)
Vector-borne transmission
30
2 types of vector borne transmission:
Biologic: replicates in the vector Mechanical: carried along
31
The 3 big horizontal transmission viruses he talked about in class:
WNV, VSV, AIV
32
Transmission of a pathogen | from a parent to a descendant, based on reproduction
Vertical transmission
33
3 ways of vertical transmission?
1. Transovarial—Salmonella enterititis, MG 2. in utero—BVDv in cattle 3. Colostral—WNV
34
Disease resulting from the professional | activity of health personnel
Iatrogenic
35
Disease pertaining to or originating | in a hospital or clinic
Nosocomial
36
Any animate or inanimate object or any combination of these serving as a habitat of a pathogen that reproduces itself in such a way as to be transmitted to a susceptible host
Reservoir
37
infected individuals with no apparent | illness even though they are infected
Carriers
38
A type of carrier: shedding prior to disease onset
Incubatory carrier
39
A type of carrier: infected without disease | temporary
Healthy carrier
40
A type of carrier: infected after disease (long-term)
Chronic carrier
41
A type of carrier: infected without or after disease | long-term periodic shedding
Latent carrier
42
A factor that diminishes, reverses, or exaggerates an association
Confounding factor
43
A quantity computed from the data obtained from a sample and used to represent the sample or the underlying population from which the sample was obtained
Statistic
44
Process of drawing conclusion about the characteristics of a population on the characteristics of a random sample from that population
Statistical inference
45
A rule that tells one how to choose between two competing hypothesis based on observations obtained from a random sample of individuals from the population of interest
Statistical test
46
A numerical descriptive measure that indicates the center of occurrence of population for a given variable
Central tendency parameters
47
Mean sum of squares (deviation from mean to variable)
Variance
48
Square root of the variance
Standard deviation
49
Interpretation of sample data back to population-based on sample dispersion and sample size
Confidence interval
50
A measure of tendency for two or more variables to be associated
Correlation
51
Measure of linear relationship (a value between -1 and +1 were 0=not relationship, 1=perfect positive relationship, and -1= perfect negative relationship)
Coefficient of correlation
52
What is a Type II error?
This is the error associated with not rejecting (accepting) the null hypothesis when it is actually false. That is suggesting that the values are equal when they are not.
53
The relative size of two quantities expressed by | dividing one by the other
Ratios
54
A frequency ratio whose number is contained in | the denominator
Proportion
55
A proportion that represents the magnitude of change in the occurrence of an event of interest with respect to a population at risk over time
Rate (Epidemiological definition)
56
Total number of cases or outbreaks of a disease or of an infection in a specific population at a designated time or during a particular time period
Prevalence
57
The number of “new” health events (infection, disease, etc) experienced by a given population over a specified period of time
Incidence
58
Prevalence vs Incidence
Incidence represents the risk of becoming a case, while prevalence represents the risk of already being one
59
Proportion of a population developing an illness during a finite period of time (identical to incidence rate but used in outbreak investigations)
Attack Rate
60
Disease clinically expressed or not, constantly present in a population in a given region
Endemic
61
``` Occurrence of a disease or other health related event affecting a number of individuals in clear excess of what would be expected for a specific region or period of time ```
Epidemic
62
Baseline population incidence from which we can determine the occurrence of an epidemic
Epidemic threshold
63
Disease that occurs irregularly and haphazardly in time and space, in general, not frequently
Sporadic
64
Frequency of diseased individuals
Morbidity
65
Number of diseased | individuals/total at risk
Morbidity rate

Epidemiology (1 decks)

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