Exam 1 Flashcards
(37 cards)
Inductive reasoning
Doing experiments and measurements to find information .
Deductive reasoning
Using knowledge to determine something you cannot see or measure directly.
Scientific method
An organized series of steps that allows you to gather information, organize data, and make predictions.
Scientific method steps
Form a testable hypothesis.
Design a series of experiments to test the hypothesis.
If the experiments don’t support the hypothesis, form a new one.
If many experiments support the hypothesis. A theory can be formed.
Atom
The functional unit of matter. Atoms combine to form molecules.
Element
Composed of all the same type of atoms.
Ie. Oxygen, nitrogen.
Proton
+ charge.
Found in nucleus.
Has mass.
Neutron
No charge.
Found in the nucleus.
Has a mass.
Electron
- charge.
Found in the orbitals.
Has no mass.
Isotope
An atom with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons than a regular atom of a particular element.
Noble gases
Elements with 8 electrons in their outer shell. They are non-reactive gases such as neon, argon, krypton, and helium.
Atomic number
Tells you the number of protons and electrons in an atom. Usually the number of neutrons equal the number of protons unless the atom is an isotope.
Atomic mass
Tells you the number of protons and neutrons and can be thought of as the “weight” of the atom. Remember, weight is a function of gravity and mass is an actual amount of something.
Covalent bond
A bond between two atoms which are share electron/s in their outer or valence shells.
Ionic bond
Atoms will lose or gain electrons and become charged due to a different number of protons and electrons. These charged atoms then stick together magnetically.
H or polar bond
Molecules with a partial positive and partial negative charge stick together.
Ex. Water
Cohesion
A property of water due to H bonds. The water molecules stick together forming drops, surface tension, and allows water to move up through plants in transpiration.
Temperature
The kinetic movement of molecules. It is measured with a thermometer and felt as heat or cold by humans.
Specific heat
The amount of heat needed to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius.
Heat of fusion
The amount of heat that must be removed to convert a liquid to a solid.
Ie. Water to ice.
Heat of vaporization
The amount of heat that must be added to convert a liquid to a gas.
Ie. Water to steam.
Ionization
When an ionic substance such as sodium chloride goes into solution in water, sodium and chloride ions form.
Hydration shell
A circle of water molecules that form around ions in an aqueous or water solution. The shell prevents the ion from rejoining the parent crystal.
Micelles
A way to dissolve lipids in fat. If the liquid, a drop of oil for example, is surrounded by phospholipids with hydrophilic heads orientated out onto the water, the micelle will be soluble.
