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Clinical Pathology (VEM 5221) > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Identify

A

Howell Jolly bodies (Wright Geimsa stain)

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2
Q

Identify

A

Heinz bodies (NMB reticulocyte stain)

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3
Q

Identify

A

Basophilic stippling

(HINT FROM JEN - ID WON’T BE ON THIS EXAM)

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4
Q

Identify

A

Acanthocytes

(uneven spiculization)

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5
Q

Identify

A

Keratocytes

(has 2 little horns)

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6
Q

Identify

A

Schistocytes

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7
Q

Identify

A

Babeisa canis

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8
Q

Rouleaux

A

“Stack of coins”

Non-specific binding of RBC’s due to high protein content in blood and/or incr. fibrinogen

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9
Q

(micro)Agglutination of RBCs

A
  • Clumping of RBCs due to specific binding of RBCs by antibodies
  • Occurs w/ IMHA
  • (Animal will present w/ pale MM & lethargy)
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10
Q

Rouleaux vs. Agglutination

(Saline test)

A

Rouleaux: RBCs disperse

Agglutination: RBCs stay clumped

Note similar-ish presentation before saline test

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11
Q

Howell Jolly Bodies

A
  • Micronuclei
  • Small # normal in cats & horses
  • Removed by spleen
  • Incr. w/ regenerative anemias
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12
Q

Heinz Bodies

A
  • Inclusions of oxidized hemoglobin in RBCs (pushed off to the side)
  • Up to 5% in normal cats
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13
Q

Basophilic Stippling

A
  • Aggregates of ribosomes and polyribosomes
  • Regenerative anemia (ruminants)
  • Lead toxicity
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14
Q

Diseases Associated w/ Fragmentation Morphologies

A
  • Iron deficiency anemia
  • DIC
  • Hemangiosarcoma
  • Liver disease
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15
Q

Reticulocytes

A
  • Precursor to erythrocytes (RBCs)
  • Present in dog & cat blood in low numbers
  • Cats have puntate & aggregate retics in blood
  • Sometimes seen in cattle
  • Extremely rare in horses
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16
Q

Punctate vs. Aggregate Reticulocytes

A

Must use New Methylene Blue Stain (or else puntate retics look like erythrocytes)

Punctate: circulate for 10 days, not helpful in figuring out whats going on now

Aggregate: circulate for 12 hours, tells what bone marrow is doing right now

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17
Q

Reticulocytes (indicate)

A

Anemia

  • Low (1-10,000 cells/mircoL): nonregenerative-very poorly regenerative anemia
  • Med (10,000-60,000): nonregenerative-poorly regenerative anemia
  • High (60,000-200,000): mild-mod regenerative anemia
  • Super high (200,000-500,000): very regenerative response to anemia
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18
Q

Platelet Count in Cats

A

DON’T TRUST IT

Platelet clumping is very common in cat blood

Need to look at stained slide

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19
Q

What’s going on in each of these samples?

A

*normal plasma is “straw colored”

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20
Q

Elevated MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin count)

A

Artifact - no such thing as hyperchromic anemia

(may be caused by lipemic sample, Heinz bodies, intravascular hemolysis, agglutinated RBC’s)

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21
Q

Average PCV - Dog

A

45%

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22
Q

Average PCV - Cat

A

37%

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23
Q

Regenerative Anemia (blood morphology)

A
  • Polychromasia (retics present)
  • Likely hypochromic, macrocytic
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24
Q

Anisocytosis

A

varying RBC sizes

(normal in bovine blood)

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25
Poikilocytosis
Abnormally shaped erythrocytes | (normal in goats, young cattle)
26
Signs of Oxidative Damage to Blood
* Methemoglobinemia (dark spot test) * Heinz bodies * Eccentrocytes
27
Eccentrocyte
Hemoglobin all moves to one side of RBC Sign of oxidant injury
28
Lead Toxicity
* Aberrant metarubricytes (nucleated RBCs) * NO ANEMIA or polychromasia * +/- basophilic stippling
29
Intravascular vs. Extravascular Hemolysis
Intravascular * Hemoglobinemia/uria * Pink/red plasma (incr. MCHC - artifact) * RBCs destroyed in vasculature Extravascular * Spleen is destroying RBCs at faster rate than normal
30
Bloodwork of cat w/ renal failure
* Decr. PCV ("Cat looks like raisin") * Normocytic * Normochromic * Nonregenerative anemia * Kidney responsible for 90% erythropoietin production
31
IMHA appearance
* **Spherocytes** (dogs) * **Agglutination** * +/- leukocytosis (attracted to Ab & complement on RBCs) * **Macrocytic, hypochromic** (immature RBCs have less Hb & more RNA) * **Howell-Jolly bodies** (spleen isn't cleaning up) (IMHA typical in middle-aged, female cocker spaniels)
32
Prussian Blue
Stains Iron
33
Echinocytes
* AKA crenation * Usually artifact (esp. w/ pig blood) * Snakebites * Uremic toxicity due to renal failure
34
White/Pale Mucous Membranes
**POOR PERIPHERAL PERFUSION** Not always indicative of anemia (ex. dexdomitor side effect)
35
Methemoglobinemia
* Cyanotic appearing skin * \< ability to bind O2 (not necessarily hypoxemic, animal still cyanotic despite O2 supplementation) * Spot test (dark brown) * "Hershey's syrup" blood
36
Hypochromasia
* Pale RBCs * No/little hemoglobin * Iron deficiency anemia (often via chronic external blood loss)
37
Most common nonregenerative anemia in domestic animals?
Chronic inflammatory disease anemia
38
Bilirubin accumulation
* Urine, then blood, then tissues * Occurs in both extravascular & intravascular hemolysis
39
Hemoglobin accumulation
Blood, then urine (animal does not survive long enough for it to accumulated in tissues)
40
Reference Intervals (bell curve distribution)
* 95% of healthy population falls within reference intervals * 2.5% of healthy population has values below or above the reference interval
41
Erythron
All RBC results, including retic counts & morphology (also will include total protein, an indicator of anemia)
42
Leukon
All WBC results, includes total & differential leukocyte count, morphologies
43
Thrombon
Platelet number & size (via blood smear)
44
Oxidative Damage (diseases)
* Incr. Heinz bodies and keratocytes * Lymphoma (cats) * Hyperthyroidism (cats) * Diabetes (cats) * Acetaminophen toxicity (cats) * Onion & garlic ingestion (cats & dogs) * Skunk musk (dogs) * Red Maple Leaf toxicity (horses & alpacas) * Copper toxicity (sheep & goats) * Lush winter rye (cattle) * ...
45
Major Types of RBC Fragmentation Morphologies (3)
* Acanthocytes * Keratocytes * Schistocytes
46
Microcytosis
* Iron deficiency anemia * Portosystemic shunts * **JAPANESE DOG BREEDS**
47
Low MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin count)
* Hypochromic * Regenerative anemias (w/ macrocytic cells & high retics.) * Chronic iron deficiency anemias (w/ microcytic cells)
48
Bloodwork w/ External Hemorrhage
Low PCV Low TP (total protein)
49
Bloodwork w/ Internal Hemorrhage
Low PCV Normal-High TP (total protein)
50
Vitamin K
Helps w/ clotting
51
Identify
*Mycoplasm (haemofelis)* * no cell wall * attach to RBC and get wrapped up like taco * Cat: *M. haemofelis* * Dog: *M. haemocanis*
52
Polychromatophils vs. Reticulocytes
* They are same, named depending on stain used * Reticulocytes: new methylene blue (RNA clumping, can visualize blue clumps) * Polychromatophils: Wright's Geimsa or Dif Quick (RNA is finely distributed, cell is purple)
53
Lifespan of neutrophils, platelets, RBCs
* Neutrophils: 10 hours * Platelets: 10 days * RBCs: 100 days Neutropenia → Thrombocytopenia → Anemia
54
Bloodwork of Dehydrated Animal
* Incr. TP * Artificially incr. PCV (less water in blood)
55
Chronic Inflammatory Disease Anemia
* Normochromic * Normocytic * Non-regenerative (body is hiding iron from bone marrow to keep it away from bacteria that metabolize iron) * Bacteria may or may not actually be present * MCHC & MCV within normal limits * PCV in 30%'s
56
RDW (red cell distribution width)
How much variation in RBC size
57
Identify
Spherocyte | (solid red ball, no central pallor)
58
Spherocyte
* Solid red ball of RBC, no central pallor * Term w/ dog blood only * Typically indicates IMHA (among other things) Left over broccoli stem
59
Polychromatophil
* Big purple, thin RBC * Sign bone marrow is regenerating
60
Two most regenerative anemias
1. due to External Hemorrhage 2. IMHA Takes 3-4 days before regeneration begins
61
Iron Deficiency Anemia
* **Hypochromic** * **Microcytic** * 50% of time has reactive thrombocytosis (cross talk between RBC growth factors, EPO, platelet growth factors, and thrombopoietin)

Clinical Pathology (VEM 5221) (9 decks)

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