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Neuroscience > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The efferent nerves of the ANS go to?

A

various organs of the body

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2
Q

The brain is protected by?

A

The outer menix

The CSF

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3
Q

The axon leaves the cell body at the?

A

Axon Hillock

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4
Q

What is found only on myelinated axons?

A

nodes of Ranvier

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5
Q

What plays a role in the blood brain barrier?

A

astroglia

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6
Q

The telencephalon and diencephalon compose the?

A

Forebrain

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7
Q

The massa intermedia runs through the?

A

Third Ventricle

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8
Q

Medulla

A

Controls autonomic functions like breathing and blood pressure

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9
Q

The central fissure separates?

A

the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe

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10
Q

Limbic Brain (paleomammalian)

A

Regulates motivated behaviors: Fight, flight, feeding, and fornication

  • Amygdala
  • Hippocampus
  • Fornix
  • Cingulate Cortex
  • Septum
  • mammillary bodies
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11
Q

Frontal Lobe

A 
Executive functioning
Reasoning
Controls motor movement
Higher Order
Decision making
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12
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Spatial orientation

Map of the body

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13
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Sound
Hearing
Language

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14
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Vision

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15
Q

Amygdala

A

Threat detection

Anticipation of harm

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16
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Regulates voluntary motor behavior, helps produce and coordinate motor movement

  • Amygdala
  • Striatum
  • Globus Palladus
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17
Q

Nucleus accumbuns

A

Part of the reward system

Plays a role in addiction

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18
Q

Pituitary

A

Master Gland

Responds to signals from hypothalamus

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19
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulates motivated behaviors like eating, sleeping, and sex, also regulates ANS, including flight or flight and stress responses

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20
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory relay station

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21
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • refines precise motor movement

- little brain

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22
Q

Reticular formation

A

controls arousal

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23
Q

Tectum: Inferior Colliculi

A

Orients attention towards sound

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24
Q

Tectum: Superior Colliculi

A

Orients attention toward visual movement

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25
Q

Cell body

A

metabolic center of the cell

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26
Q

Dendrites

A
  • Receptive areas of the cell body (signals from other cells arrive here)
  • connect to the axon
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27
Q

Axon

A

Conducts a signal from the cell body to the terminal buttons

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28
Q

Terminal buttons

A

Release neurotransmitters when stimulated by the incoming action potentials

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29
Q

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a neuron is called?

A

Membrane potential

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30
Q

When a neuron is at rest, there are more…

A

Na+ ions outside the neuron than inside
Cl- ions outside the neuron than inside
K+ ions inside the neuron than outside

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31
Q

Electrostatic pressure and random motion are homogenizing forces, what does that mean?

A

that the two forces see to equalize the charge inside the cell with the charge outside the cell

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32
Q

If a cell were suddenly permeable to all ions what would happen?

A

Na+ would rush in the cell b/c there is more Na+ outside the and the interior cell is more negative (meaning there is pressure from both the concentration gradient and electrostatic pressure)

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33
Q

What energy consuming device actively works to maintain the resting potential of the cell?

A

The Na+/K+ pump

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34
Q

What is the resting potential of the cell?

A

-70 mv

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35
Q

What is the threshold of excitation?

A

-65 mv

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36
Q

What causes an EPSP?

A

when stimulated by another neuron, a post synaptic receptor opens a voltage activated Na+ channel, and the Na+ depolarizes the cell

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37
Q

EPSP

A

Changes the charge of a cell (depolarizes) which initiates action potential

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38
Q

What creates an IPSP?

A

When stimulated by another neuron, a post synaptic receptor opens a voltage activated Cl- channel, and the Cl- hyperpolarizes the cell

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39
Q

IPSP

A

Increases the charge of the cell (hyperpolarizes)(more negative)
Blocks the creation of an action potential

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40
Q

A change in the charge of a membrane from -70 mv to -72mv would hyperpolarize the cell?

A

True

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41
Q

If a PSP resulted in the influx of Na+ to a cell, this would hyperpolarize the cell?

A

False

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42
Q

The farther EPSPs and IPSPs travel..

A

the weaker they get (strength decreases), decremental impulse

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43
Q

Summation

A

The synthesis of EPSP and IPSP impulses
2 types
- spatial summation: Net effect of EPSP/IPSP from multiple synapses across the cell soma
- temporal summation: Net effect of EPSP/IPSP based on the rate of firing.

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44
Q

The afferent nerves of the CNS go to?

A

the brain

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45
Q

What structures protect the brain?

A

Dura mater
Pia mater
Arachnoid membrane

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46
Q

One advantage of a myelin sheath?

A

Increased speed of neural communication

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47
Q

Forebrain

A
  • telecenephalon - cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
  • diencephalon - hypothalamus, thalamus, pituitary
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48
Q

Midbrain

A
  • Mesencephalon: tectum, tegmentum
49
Q

Hindbrain

A
  • Metencephalon: cerebellum, pons

- Myencephalon: medula

50
Q

The choroid plexus is located in which ventricle?

A

Lateral ventricles

51
Q

Pons

A

Bridges the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

52
Q

Hippocampus

A

Strong memories

53
Q

Cingulate cortex

A

memories of pain and emotional reaction to pain

54
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

memory formation

55
Q

The longitudinal fissure separates the?

A

The left hemisphere from the right hemisphere

56
Q

What is the sequence that a nerve implies travels along a neuron?

A

Dendrites, cell body, axon, terminal buttons

57
Q

Membrane semi-permeable and permeable ions…

A

Chlorine (Cl-)
Potassium (K+)
Sodium (Na+)

58
Q

Homogenizing forces…

A
  • include electrostatic pressure
  • want to make resting potential equal to 0
  • include concentration gradient
59
Q

Where do synapses have the greatest effect on the firing of the neuron?

A

Synapses closest to the Axon hillock

60
Q

What kind of potential is generated when an ion channel opens and allows an influx of Cl- into the cell?

A

Inhibitory post - synaptic potential (IPSP)

61
Q

If an NT causes an ion channel to open and allows an influx of Na+ into the cell, this potential is generated?

A

Excitatory post-synaptic potential

62
Q

EPSPs and IPSPs are

A

graded potentials

summed together to generate action potentials

63
Q

Factors that influence a post-synaptic cell’s potential of reaching the threshold of activation?

A
  • The location of the synapses on the post-synaptic neuron
  • The rate at which synapses are arriving at the post-synaptic neuron
  • The electrical magnitude of EPSPs and IPSPs
64
Q

A key causal event in the release of neurotransmitter molecules from vesicles into the synaptic cleft is the?

A

Influx of Ca2+ ions into the terminal button in response to the arrival of an action potential at the button

65
Q

The binding of a small molecule neurotransmitter to its ionotropic receptor…

A
  • open or closes ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane

- initiates a brief rapid change in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron

66
Q

Action potential

A

a wave of charge. When the threshold of excitation is reached (-65mv) action potential is generated

67
Q

Neurotransmitters that open Cl- or K+ channels on a postsynaptic receptor would trigger what?

A

IPSP

68
Q

What happens if a neurotransmitter binds with a metabotropic receptor?

A
  • EPSP
  • IPSP
  • A second messenger is synthesized that may make long-lasting changes ti the cell
69
Q

Exocytosis

A

the process by which neurotransmitters are released into the synapse

70
Q

Small molecule neurotransmitters

A
  • ## Glutamate, dopamine, serotonin, Acetylcholine(ach), anandamide
71
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A
  • indirect activation
  • NT can activate a second process that triggers activity within the cell
  • are slow acting
  • have long lasting effects
  • influence the neuron through EPSP, IPSP, and second messenger systems
72
Q

Autoreceptors

A
  • Are located on the presynaptic neuron
  • monitor the amount of nts in the synapse
  • metabotropic
73
Q

What mechanisms end communication by neurotransmitters in the synapse?

A
  • enzymatic degradation

- reuptake

74
Q

Axoaxonic synapses

A
  • may facilitate synaptic communication between two neurons
  • may inhibit synaptic communication between two neurons
  • are instrumental in changing the effect of a particular synapse instead of the whole neuron from which the synapse originates
  • affects a specific synapse instead of an entire neuron
75
Q

Receptor subtypes…

A

Different receptor subtypes allow one neurotransmitter to have various effects depending on the receptor

76
Q

A small-molecule neurotransmitter tends to

A
  • be released into directed synapses

- activate metabotropic receptors

77
Q

Directed synapse

A

sites of release and sites of reception of a neurotransmitter are close to eachother

78
Q

Nondirected synapse

A

have distance between the sites of release and sites of reception of a neurotransmitter

79
Q

Coexistence

A

understanding that a neuron may contain and release several types of neurotransmitters instead of just one

80
Q

What is the role of voltage activated calcium channels in the release of neurotransmitters?

A

They allow for the entry of Ca2+, which then allows for the neurotransmitter to be released into the synaptic cleft

81
Q

ionotropic receptor

A
  • Direct activation: NTs act directly on the neuron
82
Q

Large-molecule neurotransmitters

A
  • neuropeptides
83
Q

Events after action potential is generated..

A
  1. Action potential is initiated and multiple action potentials travel down the axon initiated in terminal button
  2. Ca2+ channels are open in the terminal button which allows for the release of a neurotransmitter
  3. the neurotransmitter binds with a receptor on the post synaptic receptor
  4. EPSP or IPSP is generated
  5. deactivation, reuptake/enzymatic degradation.
84
Q

Steps of neurotransmitter action

A
  1. synthesis of neurotransmitter
  2. storage of the euro transmitter in vesicles
  3. extraneous neurotransmitters inside of the neuron are destroyed by enzymes
  4. release of neurotransmitter into the synapse after an action potential
  5. binding of the neurotransmitter with the autoreceptors
  6. binding of the neurotransmitter with the postsynaptic receptor
  7. deactivation of the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft by reuptake or enzymatic degradation
85
Q

When might a synapse occur?

A

in the space between an axon and another axon
in the space between an axon and a dendrite
in the space between an axon and a cell body

86
Q

Deactivation

A

2 methods

  • enzymatic degradation
  • reuptake
87
Q

Enzymatic degradation

A
  • Acetylcholine is broken down by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase
  • Suffix “ase” = enzyme
88
Q

Reuptake

A

most common form of deactivation
- All other neurotransmitters are deactivated by reuptake transporters into the presynaptic neuron, where they are recycled.

89
Q

A postsynaptic depolarization often occurs when?

A

a neurotransmitter binds to its ligand and thus opens the Na+ ion channel

90
Q

When would you expect to measure an increase in Cl- ions in the neuron?

A

during an IPSP in the postsynaptic neuron

91
Q

What happens when a subunit breaks away from the G protein?

A

The subunit may

  • induce EPSP
  • trigger synthesis of the second messenger
  • bind to an ion channel
92
Q

What ion mediates the release of neuron transmitters from vesicles into the synapse?

A

Ca2+

93
Q

What kind of enzyme is an autoreceptor?

A

Metabotropic

94
Q

What makes an autoreceptor different from other receptors?

A

they are located in the synaptic membrane

95
Q

What does a peptide neurotransmitter tend to do?

A

bind to metabotropic receptors

96
Q

Reuptake and enzymatic degradation are necessary processes because..

A

They allow for synaptic cleft to remain open for communication

97
Q

Gap Junctions

A
  • are neuron spaces between adjacent neurons that are bridged by fine tubular channels that contain cytoplasm.
  • allow communication in either direction between adjacent neurons
  • pass electrical signals and small molecules
98
Q

Dopamine is?

A

a catecholamine

99
Q

What type of effect can drugs have on synaptic transmission?

A
  • they can facilitate an effect of a neurotransmitter
  • they can inhibit effect of a neurotransmitter
  • they can block access to the receptor
100
Q

What are the classes of small-molecule neurotransmitters?

A
  • monoamines
  • amino acids
  • acetylcholine
101
Q

What is the difference between an inotropic receptor and a metabotropic receptor?

A

Both inotropic and metabotropic receptors are activated by ligands

102
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Brief period after AP that it is impossible to create another AP, b/c trying to keep signal from going backwards
Cell cannot fire

103
Q

Relative refractory period

A

period which it is possible to fire the neuron again, but only by applying higher than normal levels of stimulation

104
Q

Triune Brain

A
  • Reptillian
  • Paleomammalian
  • Neomammalian
105
Q

Example of a non-homogenizing factor?

A

Phospholipid bilayer, trying to keep separation

106
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

transmission of action potentials in myelinated axons

  • speeds up process and uses less energy
  • Clapping example used in class
107
Q

Cell parts

A 
Nodes
Synapse
Axon
Dendrites
Body
108
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

potassium cannot leave

speeds up transmission

109
Q

5 stages of synaptic transmission

A 
Manufacture
1. synthesis of neurotransmitters
2. storage in vesicles
Transmission
3. exocytosis
4. binding activation
5. deactivation
110
Q

Decremental Impulse

A

Loses steam over time, location matters, Synapses closest to the hillock have the greatest effect on the firing of the neuron

111
Q

Graded impulses

A

Size matters

112
Q

Electrostatic pressure

A

will try and equalize both sides, neurons floating around trying to get inside cell

113
Q

Resting potential

A

Baseline or non-communicative state

114
Q

Steps for cell to fire

A
  1. EPSP
  2. Action potential: generation of signal
  3. Propagation: transmission of the signal
  4. Synapse: the communication of the signal (EPSP/IPSP)
115
Q

Propagation

A
  • Depolarization wave spreads along surface of axon
  • Sodium currents open the ion channels and triggering a second action potential.
  • NA+ rushes into the cell during the initial ms of the action potential
  • NA+ depolarizes the cell (threshold of excitement)
  • NA+ ions spread in both directions, depolarizing adjacent portions of the membrane as they rush into the cell.
  • Absolute refractory period prevents backwards transmission
116
Q

Golgi Complex

A

Looks like spaghetti

produces small neurotransmitters in the terminal button

117
Q

Agonist

A

A drug whose ultimate effect is to increase the effects of a given NT

  • stimulant drugs
  • prozac, adderall, MDMA
  • nicotine
118
Q

Antagonist

A

A drug whose ultimate effect is to decrease the effects of a given NT

  • botox
  • curare
  • morphine, oxycodeine

Neuroscience (3 decks)

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