Exam 1 :)

Question 1

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Answer 1

Emphasis on children and the basic goodness of the human nature

outcome:
environment either interferes or encourages

Question 2

John Locke

Answer 2

born with blank space (empiricism) children are passive recipients of environmental environmental experiences

outcomes: individual differences due to experience

Question 3

Human Development

Answer 3

Scientific study of age related changes in behavior, thinking, emotion, personality

Question 4

Augustine Of Hippo

Answer 4

Humans are born selfish and must seek spiritual rebirth

Outcomes: individual struggles to overcome sin/immoral actions

Question 5

Charles Darwin

Answer 5

First Organized study of human development
Evolution
Interplay of genetics and environmental adaption
Baby Biographies
detailed records of his own childrens early years

Question 6

G. Stanley Hall

Answer 6

First scientific study of Child Development
Psychologist
emphasis on norms or average ages at which developmental milestones occur
coined the phrase storm and stress to refer to adolescence

Question 7

Arnold Gesell

Answer 7

systematic description of children across domains, particularity in the first five years of life
maturation occurs naturally as a result of a genetically programmed sequence
used movie cameras, one way mirrors

Question 8

The Lifespan perspective

Answer 8

important changes occur in each period of development
children and adults experience major life passages
increased longevity

Question 9

Paul Bates

Answer 9

multi-contextual nature of development
plasticity and adaptability at all ages
interdisciplinary perspective and research
with age comes the need for strategies used to maximize gains and compensate for losses

Question 10

Three domain categories

Answer 10

physical
cognitive
social

Question 11

Physical Domain

Answer 11

change in size, shape, characteristics of body; change is how individuals sense and perceive the world

Question 12

Cognitive Domain

Answer 12

change in thinking, memory, problem solving, and other intellectual skills; examination of individual differences among children and adults related to intradomain

Question 13

Periods of development

Answer 13

prenatal-infancy-early childhood-middle childhood-adolescence- early adulthood-middle adulthood-late adulthood

Question 14

Nature

Answer 14

inborn propensities; biological influences

inborn biases

Question 15

Nurture

Answer 15

learning from environmental experiences

internal models of experience

Question 16

Continuity

Answer 16

quantitative change in amount or degree

Question 17

discontinuity

Answer 17

qualitative, step-like change

Question 18

Three types of change (qualitative)

Answer 18

normative age-graded universal changes
normative history-graded changes
non-normative changes

Question 19

Normative Age-graded universal changes

Answer 19

social clock or age norms

Question 20

normative history-graded changes

Answer 20

cohort or generational effects

Question 21

Non-normative changes

Answer 21

unique, unshared changes or individual differences

Question 22

Vulnerability and resilience

Answer 22

vulnerabilities and protective factor interact with a child’s environment
environments cause differential effects
resilient children gain support from optimal environments

Question 23

Gender

Answer 23

gender matters
it influences individual development
interaction between characteristics and environment influences and is influenced by gender

Question 24

Origins of delinquency

Answer 24

poor discipline and poor monitoring 
non-compliant child
negative behavior patterns established 
rejection by peers and school difficulty  
push toward delinquency

Question 25

Individual differences related to timing

Answer 25

``` critical period sensitive period on-time events off-time events atypical development double whammy ```

Question 26

The goals of developmental science

Answer 26

describe and explain development predict developmental event influence some developmental outcome

Question 27

Case studies

Answer 27

in-depth examination of a single individual

Question 28

By day 32, the ______________ and ______________ are developed

Answer 28

brain and heart

Question 29

By day 50, __________ is developed

Answer 29

fingers

Question 30

By 13 weeks, the ____________ is developed

Answer 30

hands

Question 31

At 8 weeks, ___________ are in place and it is called a ________

Answer 31

organs, fetus

Question 32

the #1 cause of miscarriage is......

Answer 32

genetics abnormalities

Question 33

99% of ___________ die right away

Answer 33

sperm

Question 34

Epidural is

Answer 34

pain medication

Question 35

hands develop first because

Answer 35

babies use them first

Question 36

The first trimester has the most....

Answer 36

risk

Question 37

By 4 weeks,

Answer 37

the embryo is a grain of rice

Question 38

By 8 weeks,

Answer 38

the embryo is the size of a walnut

Question 39

Sigmund Freud

Answer 39

psychosexual theory | id ego superego

Question 40

Psychosexual Development

Answer 40

Internal drives and emotions influence behavior and patients memories are used as a primary source material sexual feelings are part of personality development

Question 41

Freud proposed that hidden memories of traumatic childhood events are often..

Answer 41

hidden or repressed memory researchers found that some adults who experience childhood abuse forget memories related to abuse just as Freud predicted most people do retain traumatic memories; false memories may be created if the repressed memories are explored specific training aids therapists to recall concrete evidence for memories.

Question 42

Freud's Psychosexual Stages

Answer 42

1: Oral 2: Anal 3: Phallic 4: Latency 5: Genital

Question 43

Oral

Answer 43

birth to one year mouth, lips, tongue weaning oral behavior such as smoking and overeating, passivity and gullibility

Question 44

Anal

Answer 44

1 to 3 years anus toilet training orderliness, obstinacy or messiness, disorganization

Question 45

Phallic

Answer 45

3 to 6 years genitals resolving oedipus/electra complex vanity, recklessness, sexual dysfunction or deviancy

Question 46

latency

Answer 46

6 to 12 years none developing defense mechanisms, identifying with the same-sex peers none

Question 47

Genital

Answer 47

12 years genitals achieving mature sexual intimacy adults who have successfully integrated earlier stages should emerge with sincere interest in others and mature sexually

Question 48

Psychosocial Theory by Erikson

Answer 48

development is influenced by common cultural demands and internal drives each psychosocial stage is requires a resolution of a crisis healthy development requires a favorable ratio of positive to negative experiences the first four stages form the foundation for the adult personality childhood-adulthood transition influential adult stages are not strongly tied to age

Question 49

Classical Conditioning

Answer 49

learning process that occurs through associations between environmental stimulus and naturally occurring stimulus

Question 50

Reflex

Answer 50

stimulus-response connection

Question 51

Learned: conditioned stimulus elicits

Answer 51

conditioned response

Question 52

Trust vs Mistrust

Answer 52

birth to 1 year

Question 53

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Answer 53

1 to 3 years

Question 54

Initiative vs. guilt

Answer 54

3 to 6 years

Question 55

Industry vs. Inferiority

Answer 55

6 to 12 years

Question 56

Identity vs role confusion

Answer 56

12 to 18 years

Question 57

Intimacy vs Isolation

Answer 57

18 to 30 years

Question 58

Generativity vs Stagnation

Answer 58

30 years to late adulthood

Question 59

Integrity vs Despair

Answer 59

late adulthood

Question 60

Operant Conditioning

Answer 60

deals with modification of voluntary behavior | behaviors dependent on reinforcement

Question 61

Punishment doesn't work and it leads to

Answer 61

fear

Question 62

Genotype

Answer 62

genetic blueprint

Question 63

Phenotype

Answer 63

observable characteristics

Question 64

Polygenic Inheritance

Answer 64

many genes blend together to increase genetic outcomes seen in the phenotype

Question 65

Genomic imprinting

Answer 65

Some genes biochemically marked at time ova and sperm develop

Question 66

Mitochondrial inheritance

Answer 66

Genes in mitochondria