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Life Span Development :) > Exam 1 :) > Flashcards

Exam 1 :) Flashcards

1
Q

Jean Jacques Rousseau

A

Emphasis on children and the basic goodness of the human nature

outcome:
environment either interferes or encourages

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2
Q

John Locke

A

born with blank space (empiricism) children are passive recipients of environmental environmental experiences

outcomes: individual differences due to experience

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3
Q

Human Development

A

Scientific study of age related changes in behavior, thinking, emotion, personality

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4
Q

Augustine Of Hippo

A

Humans are born selfish and must seek spiritual rebirth

Outcomes: individual struggles to overcome sin/immoral actions

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5
Q

Charles Darwin

A

First Organized study of human development
Evolution
Interplay of genetics and environmental adaption
Baby Biographies
detailed records of his own childrens early years

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6
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

First scientific study of Child Development
Psychologist
emphasis on norms or average ages at which developmental milestones occur
coined the phrase storm and stress to refer to adolescence

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7
Q

Arnold Gesell

A

systematic description of children across domains, particularity in the first five years of life
maturation occurs naturally as a result of a genetically programmed sequence
used movie cameras, one way mirrors

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8
Q

The Lifespan perspective

A

important changes occur in each period of development
children and adults experience major life passages
increased longevity

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9
Q

Paul Bates

A

multi-contextual nature of development
plasticity and adaptability at all ages
interdisciplinary perspective and research
with age comes the need for strategies used to maximize gains and compensate for losses

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10
Q

Three domain categories

A

physical
cognitive
social

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11
Q

Physical Domain

A

change in size, shape, characteristics of body; change is how individuals sense and perceive the world

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12
Q

Cognitive Domain

A

change in thinking, memory, problem solving, and other intellectual skills; examination of individual differences among children and adults related to intradomain

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13
Q

Periods of development

A

prenatal-infancy-early childhood-middle childhood-adolescence- early adulthood-middle adulthood-late adulthood

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14
Q

Nature

A

inborn propensities; biological influences

inborn biases

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15
Q

Nurture

A

learning from environmental experiences

internal models of experience

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16
Q

Continuity

A

quantitative change in amount or degree

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17
Q

discontinuity

A

qualitative, step-like change

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18
Q

Three types of change (qualitative)

A

normative age-graded universal changes
normative history-graded changes
non-normative changes

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19
Q

Normative Age-graded universal changes

A

social clock or age norms

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20
Q

normative history-graded changes

A

cohort or generational effects

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21
Q

Non-normative changes

A

unique, unshared changes or individual differences

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22
Q

Vulnerability and resilience

A

vulnerabilities and protective factor interact with a child’s environment
environments cause differential effects
resilient children gain support from optimal environments

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23
Q

Gender

A

gender matters
it influences individual development
interaction between characteristics and environment influences and is influenced by gender

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24
Q

Origins of delinquency

A 
poor discipline and poor monitoring 
non-compliant child
negative behavior patterns established 
rejection by peers and school difficulty  
push toward delinquency
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25
Q

Individual differences related to timing

A 
critical period 
sensitive period 
on-time events
off-time events 
atypical development 
double whammy
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26
Q

The goals of developmental science

A

describe and explain development
predict developmental event
influence some developmental outcome

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27
Q

Case studies

A

in-depth examination of a single individual

28
Q

By day 32, the ______________ and ______________ are developed

A

brain and heart

29
Q

By day 50, __________ is developed

A

fingers

30
Q

By 13 weeks, the ____________ is developed

A

hands

31
Q

At 8 weeks, ___________ are in place and it is called a ________

A

organs, fetus

32
Q

the #1 cause of miscarriage is……

A

genetics abnormalities

33
Q

99% of ___________ die right away

A

sperm

34
Q

Epidural is

A

pain medication

35
Q

hands develop first because

A

babies use them first

36
Q

The first trimester has the most….

A

risk

37
Q

By 4 weeks,

A

the embryo is a grain of rice

38
Q

By 8 weeks,

A

the embryo is the size of a walnut

39
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

psychosexual theory

id ego superego

40
Q

Psychosexual Development

A

Internal drives and emotions influence behavior and patients memories are used as a primary source material

sexual feelings are part of personality development

41
Q

Freud proposed that hidden memories of traumatic childhood events are often..

A

hidden or repressed

memory researchers found that some adults who experience childhood abuse forget memories related to abuse just as Freud predicted
most people do retain traumatic memories; false memories may be created if the repressed memories are explored
specific training aids therapists to recall concrete evidence for memories.

42
Q

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

A

1: Oral
2: Anal
3: Phallic
4: Latency
5: Genital

43
Q

Oral

A

birth to one year
mouth, lips, tongue
weaning
oral behavior such as smoking and overeating, passivity and gullibility

44
Q

Anal

A

1 to 3 years
anus
toilet training
orderliness, obstinacy or messiness, disorganization

45
Q

Phallic

A

3 to 6 years
genitals
resolving oedipus/electra complex
vanity, recklessness, sexual dysfunction or deviancy

46
Q

latency

A

6 to 12 years
none
developing defense mechanisms, identifying with the same-sex peers
none

47
Q

Genital

A

12 years
genitals
achieving mature sexual intimacy
adults who have successfully integrated earlier stages should emerge with sincere interest in others and mature sexually

48
Q

Psychosocial Theory by Erikson

A

development is influenced by common cultural demands and internal drives
each psychosocial stage is requires a resolution of a crisis
healthy development requires a favorable ratio of positive to negative experiences
the first four stages form the foundation for the adult personality
childhood-adulthood transition influential
adult stages are not strongly tied to age

49
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

learning process that occurs through associations between environmental stimulus and naturally occurring stimulus

50
Q

Reflex

A

stimulus-response connection

51
Q

Learned: conditioned stimulus elicits

A

conditioned response

52
Q

Trust vs Mistrust

A

birth to 1 year

53
Q

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

A

1 to 3 years

54
Q

Initiative vs. guilt

A

3 to 6 years

55
Q

Industry vs. Inferiority

A

6 to 12 years

56
Q

Identity vs role confusion

A

12 to 18 years

57
Q

Intimacy vs Isolation

A

18 to 30 years

58
Q

Generativity vs Stagnation

A

30 years to late adulthood

59
Q

Integrity vs Despair

A

late adulthood

60
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

deals with modification of voluntary behavior

behaviors dependent on reinforcement

61
Q

Punishment doesn’t work and it leads to

A

fear

62
Q

Genotype

A

genetic blueprint

63
Q

Phenotype

A

observable characteristics

64
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

many genes blend together to increase genetic outcomes seen in the phenotype

65
Q

Genomic imprinting

A

Some genes biochemically marked at time ova and sperm develop

66
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Genes in mitochondria

Life Span Development :) (1 decks)

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