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Childhood Psychopathology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What are risk factors?

A

Characteristics, events, or processes that put the individual at risk for the development of psychological problems

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2
Q

What are protective factors?

A

Characteristics, events, or processes that seem to protect an individual from the development of psychological problems, even when faced with adverse circumstances

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3
Q

What is Zeitgeist?

A

The spirit or outlook that was characteristic of a period of time

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4
Q

What is infanticide?

A

Intentional murder of an infant or child

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5
Q

What is adultomorphism?

A

Conceptualizing children as miniature adults

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6
Q

What does atheoretical mean?

A

Without any theoretical orientation

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7
Q

What is differential diagnosis?

A

The attempt to distinguish one disorder from another in an individual client

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8
Q

What is multiaxial evaluation?

A

Individuals rated on multiple axes or dimensions of functioning

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9
Q

What are V-Codes?

A

Other conditions that are not considered mental disorders but that are the focus of attention or treatment

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10
Q

What is principal diagnosis?

A

The most relevant diagnosis for a patient

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11
Q

What are psychometric properties?

A

Reliability and validity

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12
Q

What is test-retest reliability?

A

When a clinician conducts diagnostic interviews at two points in time, usually one or two weeks apart

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13
Q

What is inter-rater reliability?

A

Correspondence between two clinicians’ ratings

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14
Q

What is the kappa statistic?

A

The percentage of agreement between two raters, while controlling for chance agreement

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15
Q

What is IDEA?

A

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

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16
Q

What is a categorical approach?

A

Attempts to categorize mental health problems into distinct diagnoses

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17
Q

What is a dimensional approach?

A

Focuses on different dimensions or different levels of a child’s behavior

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18
Q

What are empirically based taxonomies?

A

Rely on actual data to understand and interpret children’s and adolescents’ behavior

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19
Q

What is prevalence?

A

Total number of cases at a particular point in time

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20
Q

What is incidence?

A

Number of new cases in a given period of time

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21
Q

What is comorbidity?

A

The co-occurrence of two or more diagnoses disorders in one individual

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22
Q

What are internalizing problems?

A

Feelings or behaviors that are over-controlled and primarily experienced internal by the child

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23
Q

What are externalizing problems?

A

Behaviors that are under-controlled and primarily experienced externally to the child

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24
Q

What did early versions of the DSM system believe about children?

A

They were just miniature adults

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25
What is another classification system used both nationally and internationally?
International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10)
26
What is the DSM-5 intended to be?
Atheoretical, allowing the use of differential diagnosis
27
What did previous versions of the DSM allow clinicians to do?
Complete a multiaxial evaluation
28
Is multi axial evaluation used in the DSM-5?
No
29
If there are more than one diagnoses evident, what does the clinician do?
Reports the most meaningful diagnosis (principal diagnosis)
30
What disorders are under consideration for DSM-6?
Suicidal behavior disorder and nonsuicidal self injury
31
What are weaknesses of DSM-5?
Medical model, possible harm of labeling
32
What influences dimensional approaches?
Empirically based taxonomies
33
What is the largest and most comprehensive study of epidemiology to date?
Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders (MECA)
34
What is etiology?
The cause of emotional/behavioral problems
35
What are object relations?
A theory that highlights the importance of the infant's relationship with the parent or caregiver (updated psychodynamic theory)
36
What is attachment theory?
Attachments between the infant and primary caregiver are of central focus
37
What is secure attachment?
When the infant uses the parent as a base from which to explore a new environment
38
What is genotype?
A child's genetic makeup that is inherited from his or her parents
39
What is phenotype?
Observable characteristics in the child that are created from the interaction of heredity and environment
40
What is endophenotype?
The interaction between genotype and phenotype
41
What are two primary methods used to investigate genetic contribution to the development of psychopathology?
Study monozygotic and dizygotic twins in adoption studies
42
What is shared environment?
The common experiences in siblings' environments
43
What is nonshared environment?
Unique aspects of the family that each sibling experiences differently than the others
44
What are enmeshed families?
Families who show too much closeness
45
What are disengaged families?
Families who show too much distance
46
What is the macrosystem?
Beliefs and values of the culture
47
What is the exosystem?
Social structures (family, neighborhood, SES)
48
What is the mesosystem?
The interconnections between various community systems (peer groups, schools, religious organizations)
49
What is the microsystem?
Immediate environment where the child lives
50
What is niche-picking?
Children/adolescents choosing their peer groups/friends based on their own level of deviant behavior
51
What is multifinality?
One particular experience may lead to a number of different outcomes in various children
52
What is equifinality?
A particular outcome can have many different sources
53
What are the five psychosexual stages from Freud's psychodynamic theory?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
54
What is facilitated communication?
Holding a letter board/keyboard/typing machine for a child with autism spectrum disorder while the child types out their thoughts/feelings
55
What is the experimental design?
Uses random assignment, independent variable, measures dependent variable to see impact of IV
56
What is the strength of the experimental design?
Researchers can argue causality regarding the impact of the IV on the DV
57
What is the quasi-experimental design?
No random assignment or manipulation of IV; compares groups that already exist
58
What is the correlational design
Do not manipulate variables or argue causality
59
What is the survey method?
Utilizes surveys and questionnaires to assess variables that are analyzed later to explore connections between those variables
60
What is the high-risk design?
Children in a disadvantaged situation are studied and compared with children who are not exposed to that disadvantaged situation
61
What is cross-sectional research?
Gathering data at one point in time of a child's or adolescent's life
62
What is prospective longitudinal research?
Researchers follow groups of children and adolescents over time
63
What is programmatic research?
Researchers set out to build on their own previous research
64
What is the Institutional Review Board?
Reviews any research with children and adolescents
65
What is the single-subject design?
Often used with one participant or a small group of participants in order to assess their change in behavior after a behavioral intervention
66
What is the most common p-value?
p
67
What is an intake phone call?
When the clinician first talks with a family member about the problems the child and family are experiencing
68
What are unstructured interviews?
Interviews that do not follow a specific, rigid format
69
What are semistructured interviews?
Suggest a specific format that the clinician follows, but allows the clinician some flexibility to follow up on more important topics
70
What are structured interviews?
Do not allow deviation from the original format
71
What is behavioral observation?
The clinician observing the child at school, at home, in a research lab, or in the clinician's office
72
What is functional assessment?
The evaluation of actual behaviors and the child's ability to perform those behaviors
73
What is an example of a projective measure?
Rorschach test
74
What is a genogram?
Provides a schematic representation of the family structure
75
What are inpatient settings?
For the most severe examples of developmental psychopathology
76
What is applied behavior analysis?
Uses functional assessment to identify the problematic behaviors and then relies primarily on operant conditioning principles to change problematic behavior
77
What is the SORC model?
Stimulus-Organism-Response-Consequence
78
What are anxiolytics?
Antianxiety medications
79
What is an outcome study?
The effects of one therapy are compared with some type of control group
80
What is the file-drawer problem?
Many studies are not published when they do not find differences between treatments
81
What is universal mental health prevention?
Everyone in the community has an opportunity to be exposed to the prevention efforts
82
What is selective mental health prevention?
Focus on certain individuals/groups who have experiences that put them at risk for developing emotional/behavioral problems
83
What are indicated prevention interventions?
Target individuals who are already experiencing emotional/behavioral problems and attempt to prevent additional problems from occurring
84
What is assortative mating?
The tendency that clinically disturbed individuals tend to become involved with and have children with other clinically disturbed individuals
85
What is triangulation?
When the child is put in the middle of the parents' arguments
86
What is the traumagenic dynamics model?
Exposure to age-inappropriate sexual behaviors and traumatic sexualization Feelings of powerlessness related to the child's inability to prevent the abuse Other individuals stigmatizing the child Feelings of betrayal when a trusted individual perpetuates abuse or when they fail to protect
87
What is the transactional model?
Bidirectional influences between abuse stress, coping strategies, cognitive appraisals, and psychological symptoms
88
What is allostatic load?
The difficulties in multiple physiological systems that occurs when individuals face chronic stressors
89
What is closely tied to temperament?
Emotional regulation
90
What is self-efficacy?
A term used to describe a cognitive structure in which children have come to expect success and who believe that they can perform successfully in any new challenging situation

Childhood Psychopathology (3 decks)

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