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EES 150 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

Geology

A

The study of Earth

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2
Q

Geologist also study…

A

Rocks, water, soil, & the atmosphere

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3
Q

Natural Disaster

A

A naturally occurring event that has a negative effect on humans

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4
Q

What makes a natural disaster?

A

A disaster that happens in nature by nature

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5
Q

What makes a natural event a disaster?

A

The destruction of homes and loss of lives

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6
Q

“Great” Natural Disaster

A

A natural disaster that kills 1,000s of people & require international aid

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7
Q

Why are “Great” Natural Disasters increasing?

A

Because Earth’s population is increasing

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8
Q

“Return Time”

A

The average # of years between same-sized events

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9
Q

Gas giant planets

A

Large, low density balls of gas

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10
Q

Terrestrial planets

A

Small, more dense balls of gas

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11
Q

Earth’s constant changing surface

A

.Internal heat from radioactive decay
.K, Th, & U isotopes
.”Tectonic system”
.”Hydrologic system”

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12
Q

Scientific Method

A

Analyze scientific problems in a way that leads to verifiable results

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13
Q

Hypothesis

A

A possible explanation, involving naturally occurring processes

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14
Q

Theory

A

Scientific ideas that are tested and could be proved wrong

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15
Q

Law

A

Scientific ideas that are absolutely correct

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16
Q

Uniformitarianism Principle

A

.Traditional: The present is the key to the past

.”Actualism: The laws of nature do not change through time

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17
Q

Application of uniformitarianism

A

Traditional

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18
Q

Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships

A

Any geologic phenomenon that cross-cuts something is younger than whatever it is cross-cutting

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19
Q

Hydrologic System

A

Water in solid, liquid, & gas form

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20
Q

Tectonic System

A

Moving plates

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21
Q

Tectonic plates control

A

Mountain ranges, position of continents, earthquakes, & volcanoes

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22
Q

Seismologists

A

Study earthquakes

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23
Q

Volcanologist

A

Study volcanoes

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24
Q

Scientific Method Steps

A
  1. Identify problem
  2. Collect data
  3. Propose hypothesis
  4. Test hypothesis
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25
Everyday Theory
A "hunch"
26
4 common elements on Earth
Iron, Oxygen, Silicon, & Magnesium
27
Mineral
Solid substances of specific chemical composition, w/ arranged atoms in an orderly pattern
28
Rock
Aggregates of minerals
29
3 types of rocks
Sediment, Metamorphic, & Igneous
30
Igneous rock
.Granite .Intrusive/Extrusive .Solidification (Crystallized) from magma/Consolidation
31
Sedimentary rock
``` .Conglomerate .Metamorphism .Lithification .Deposited by water, wind, glaciers, or landslides .Compacted/cemented .Forms near the surface ```
32
Metamorphic rock
.Former igneous/ sedimentary rock .Changes due to high temperature and pressure .Compresses .Foliation/banding
33
Intrusive
.aka plutonic | .Rocks forming deep underground
34
Extrusive
.aka volcanic | .Rocks forming from lava cooling quickly
35
Foliation
Pressure squeezes mineral crystals into layers
36
Banding
Separation of minerals into light & dark layers
37
Silicate minerals
.Minerals that contain silicon & oxygen and aluminum of iron .Found in the Earth's crust
38
Mohorovicic discontinuity
Boundary between crust & mantle, where velocity of earthquakes waves change
39
Crust
.Outermost layer | .Continental crust less dense than oceanic crust
40
Mantle
.Below the crust to 2900km .More dense .Composed of silicates minerals w/ more Fe & Mg
41
Core
.Most dense .Composed mostly of Fe & no silicates .2900km to the center
42
Atmosphere
Mostly gas
43
Hydrosphere
Water originated from volcanic activity
44
Lithosphere
.Solid, rigid and brittle .Crust & upper mantle .Thickness
45
Asthenosphere
.Upper mantle .Ductile rocks .Deform easily
46
Mesosphere
.Middle to lower part of mantle .More solid .Somewhat ductile .Temperature decreases with height
47
Outer core
Liquid
48
Inner core
Solid
49
Radioactive decay
Earth's internal heat source
50
Earth's energy sources
.Sun .Radioactive decay .Gravity .Impact by extraterrestrial objects
51
Seismic wave refraction
.Light travels more slowly
52
Seismic wave reflection
.Light travels faster
53
Hydrologic system
.Erosion & deposition by water | .Primary source: sun & gravity
54
Tectonic system
.Plates moving on Earth's surface | .Primary source: radioactive decay
55
Mars
.Has no tectonic plates | .Volcanoes are not common
56
Oceanic crust
.Composed of volcanic igneous rock aka basalt | .Created by sea floor spreading
57
Continental drift
.Alfred Wegener (1914) | .Continents were united to form pangaea
58
Wegener's evidence
``` .Fossil distribution .Ancient glacier .Rocks .Fit of continents .Paleoclimate distribution ```
59
Wegener's evidence rejected
Lack of a mechanism
60
Plate tectonic theory
.Lithosphere- rigid plates which move relative to each other | .Asthenosphere- plastic, allowing movement of the lithosphere
61
Principle of superstition
Older layers are on the bottom
62
Fixed continent
Wandering poles & don't move
63
Drifting continent
Fixed pole & continents move
64
Seafloor
.Igneous & thin layer of sediments | .Gives clues as to how plates move
65
Mid-ocean ridges
High heat flow & volcanic activity
66
Ocean ridge spreading rapidly
Longer and wider
67
Pillow lava
Fount at the bottom of mid-ocean ridges
68
Sea-floor magnetic anomalies
.Parallel bands of reversed & normal polarity .Found across mid-ocean ridges .Calculate the rate of plate movement
69
Global Positioning System
Helps us understand plate movement
70
Oceanic plate
thin, dense
71
Continental plates
thicker, less dense
72
Isostasy
An idea that the asthenosphere deforms plastically to accommodate the plates
73
GPS
Precisely calculate rate & direction of movement
74
Guyots
.Seamounts | .Flat-topped ones
75
Paleomagnetism
Preserves Earth's magnetic field in iron-rich rocks
76
Magnetite
.Common in igneous rocks | .Can be found in sedimentary rocks where grains align
77
Poles of continents
Varied by continent
78
3 types of plate boundaries
Divergent, convergent, & transform
79
Majority of divergent plates
Mid-ocean ridges
80
mid-ocean ridges features
Increase in age & decrease in temperature & volume as you move away from the center
81
Continental rifting, less common why?
They eventually become a mid-ocean ridge
82
Triple-junction rift
3 armed rift (shaped like a "Y")
83
Aulacogen
1 failed arm in a triple-junction ritft
84
East African rift
Is a triple-junction rift
85
Basin & range area
.Rifting at 1-5 cm/yr
86
Name of Basin & range area
Presence of "fault block mountains & valleys
87
Subduction zone
Oceanic plate is pushed beneath another plate
88
Where are subduction zones?
Deep ocean trenches
89
Plates involved in subduction zones
Continental and oceanic
90
Pattern of earthquake distribution at subduction zones
Deep earthquakes
91
Focus of an earthquake
Exact location below the surface measure in km
92
Volcano activity at subduction zones
Magma rises towards the surface
93
Volcanic arc
A chain of volcanoes overridden by a continental plate
94
Island arc
A chain of volcanoes overridden by a oceanic plate
95
Japan
.Oceanic plate & oceanic plate | .Island arc
96
Andes
.Continental plate & oceanic plate | .Volcanic arc
97
Cascade range
Volcanic arc
98
Pacific ocean aka "Ring of Fire"
subduction zones surround it
99
Continental & continental plates
.No subduction | .Highly deformed rocks of mountain ranges form
100
The Himalayas
Continental & continental plates
101
What are common at continental/ continental plates
Because the earthquakes are shallow
102
Transform plates
Move past each other
103
Name: transform plates
It causes faults
104
Most common type of transform boundary
.Mid-ocean ridges | .Contact between 2 plates
105
Mantle plume
A long-lived fixed "hot spot" in the mantle
106
Why do mantle plumes rise?
Because if comes from the core-mantle boundary
107
No silicate material
The core
108
Subduction zones properties
.Deep focus earthquakes .Volcanic arc .Deep ocean trench
109
Tectonic system primary source
heat from radioactive decay from unstable isotopes

EES 150 (5 decks)

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