Exam 1 Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
Lactate can be produced by other
A
Lactate fibers
2
Q
Lactate is taken up by what and take. Through which system
A
Blood; circulatory
3
Q
Lactate is taken up by what?
A
Liver
4
Q
Lactate taken up by liver recovered into what
A
Glycogen, used as glucose, fuel for muscle contraction
5
Q
Lactate not always a
A
Byproduct
6
Q
Oxidative system
Aerobic or anaerobic
Burns what
A
Aerobic
Carbs and fats
7
Q
Oxidative has two parts
A
Kc and etc
8
Q
Oxidative
Number of compounds
Number of enzymes
A
30
27
9
Q
Oxidative is
Fast or slow
A
Slow
10
Q
Glucose to glycogen substrate
ATP?
A
One less ATP
11
Q
Oxidative
Limitless or limited
A
Limitless
12
Q
Fatigue is association with
A
Depletion of fuel (glycogen)
13
Q
Oxidative used in which events
A
Marathons
14
Q
Krebs
Location
Plays integral role in oxidizing ____
Generates electrons for ____
A
Mitochondria
Carbs fats protein
Etc
15
Q
Central nervous system is the consumer of
A
Lactate
16
Q
Atrophy and sarcopenia occur with
A
Age
17
Q
Bp can only be managed through
A
Medication
18
Q
The sympathetic neural stimulation inc/dec as hr and strength of contraction
A
Inc
19
Q
Sympathetic stimulation may inc hr by #? beats per min and __%?
A
120
100
20
Q
Parasympathetic stimulation through ____ nerve dec/inc hr
A
Vagus
Dec
21
Q
Parasympathetic dec/inc atrial contractile force
A
Dec
22
Q
Parasympathetic activated at rest?
A
Fully
23
Q
Maximal vagal stimulation may dec hr by ______ beats per min
A
20-30
24
Q
Maximal vagal stimulation may lower strength of contraction by ___%
A
30
25
Beta blockers block _____ system and block HR from going ___
Sympathetic
| Up
26
Inc left ventricular and diastolic volume =
Inc SV
27
Great volume of blood returning to heart cause ventricles to stretch more and respond with more _____ contraction
Forceful
28
Heart gets bigger bc of
After pressure
29
Muscle mass goes up bc of
After pressure
| Wall tension
30
Endurance training is stimulus for
Hypervolemia?
31
Plasma volume is affected by
Body Temperature
32
Resistance trained athletes have
Donated
Walls
Normal
| Thicker
33
During prolonged training, adapts to workload on _____ ventricle
Left
34
Heart adapts to workload and maintains contract relationship between ______ cavity pressure and ratios of wall thickness to ventricular _____
Systolic
| Radius
35
Rate coding inc/dec rate of firing of m neuron
Inc
36
Simple twitch to
Summation
37
Summation to
Tetanus
38
Third trimester is when
80 percent muscle inner aged
39
Specific muscles may be
Trainable
40
Absolute strength
| Unit of cross sectional area
Males stronger
41
Women need ____ body strength around _____ capsule
Lower
| Joint
42
Thick mapfibrils have
Myosin actin troponin tropomyosin
43
Myofibril consists of
Protein
44
Atrophy
Speed
Related to
Occurs fact
| Activity related
45
Hyperplasia
In humans?
What happens to fibers?
No
| Split fibers
46
```
Sarcopenia
Related?
Decline in what?
Avoidable?
What can be given?
Happens faster in?
```
```
Age
Protein
No
Growth hormone
Males
```
47
60 percent inc in untrainable limb when doing unilateral exercise
False
But does send some motor signal to spinal cord, it splits off, goes to other side, crosses over electrical signal, but not as high %
48
Bilateral deficit is
Inhibitory
49
Bilateral deficit states
If train one leg at a time, and get values of both, the two combined are generating more force than comparing to two legs performing same exercise
50
Resistance training inc ___
Protein synthesis
51
During exercise
Synthesis
Degradation
Dec
| Dec
52
After exercise
Synthetis
Degradation
Inc
| Dec
53
Testosterone facilitates fiber
Hypertrophy
54
Protein synthesis
Transcription
Dna tea forming to rna translation
Taking place in
Nucleus
55
Translation allows
To make for protein
56
More nuclei means
Greater cross sectional area
57
Number of reps to imitate the process of stimulation protein synthesis
No magic number
58
For Hypertrophy
| Reps
6-8
59
Need ____ hours for optimal enhancement if you want to optimize transcription translation process
48
60
Nervous system adaptations
How long to kick in?
Which type of program?
With 3 weeks of initiating resistance program
61
Early strength gains are
Neural
62
Protein synthesis starts
First work out
63
Hypertrophy not noticeable until
4-6 weeks
64
Metabolic adaptations have ____ impact on energy system
No
65
How many adaptations in metabolic system
None
66
How many adaptations in endocrine system
None
67
Lactate and pyruvate go into
Mitochondria
68
Erythropoietin is a
Steroid
| Hormone
69
Product of ____ and _____ is the amount of mood pumped by heart in 1 minute
Heart rate
| Stroke volume
70
Total amount of blood pumped out of left ventricle per minute at rest
5 liters, wrong
71
At rest not 5 liters because
Most consuming .3-.4 liters per minute of o2 at rest regardless of sex, fitness level
72
Cardiac output at rest is
2.4 l/min (6x.4)
73
Training doesn't change
Max hr
74
Does max heart rate change with training
No
75
Detraining plasma volume rates
As fast as goes up, goes down
76
Morphological changes occur in
Muscle mass and diameter
77
Stoke volume plateaus at 60 percent hr
Continues to increase
78
Ducks equation
Hrxsvxavo2
79
What is critical in determining the individuals aerobic capacity
Body's ability to extract oxygen from the blood and total blood volume available
80
Primary factor determining aerobic capacity
Q
81
Bp equation
Bp=q x pr
82
Training environment youll compete in is ____ for training
Ideal
83
Sedentary at rest
Q
Hr
Sv
5
70
71
84
Trained at rest
Q
Hr
SV
5
50
100
85
Diastolic during exercise
Remains the same
86
```
During exercise
Systolic
Graph
Diameter changes?
Vasodilation?
Why happens to Q?
```
```
Increases linearly with intensity of exercise
Until the max is reached
Not dramatically changing in diameter
Some vasodilation
Not enough for Q inc
```
87
Systolic and diastolic Bp _____ when exercise performing with only legs than when with upper body
Why?
Higher
| Vasculature network proportional to muscle size recruited
88
Exercise in heat
| Cardiovascular
```
Reduction in stroke volume
Lower plasma volume
Same Q
Dec venous return
This goes to periphery for cooling, to skin
```
89
Within 12 days of doing nothing ____ percent reduction in ____. This is due to ____
25
Vo2 max
Plasma volume
90
Oxygen extraction from arterial blood during exercise is inc/dec
Inc
91
Hr SV avo2
| Untrained
200 110 15
92
Hr SV avo2(ml of oxygen/100ml of blood)
| Trained
200 200 15
93
Inc aldosterone causes inc blood volume causes in SV causes in Q causes
Reduction in kidney blood flow
94
Altitude stimulated
Red blood cell growth
95
Hyperplasia
Not in humans
Muscle splits
On rats
96
Three energy systems? Why do we have it?
Each muscle type is efficient for particular activity. It is more efficient for muscle recruitment to recruit a specific type. Ex: marathon runner
97
Type of training for oxidative system
Internal
98
If training is specific to sports, then training focuses on
Same metabolic energy pathways used in sport or activity
99
Training of energy involves manipulation of
Intensity and duration of activity
100
aerobic training does not ______ fat
Oxidize
101
What lactate threshold percentage do aerobic athletes self select
1-2%
102
What is the lactate threshold for elite endurance athletes?
88-92% vo2 Max
103
What limits production for metabolic pathways
Fuel inability and metabolic byproducts
104
Where does pyruvate go?
Lactate, which causes fatigue
105
What's the difference between fast and slow glycolysis
Fast is cho to pyruvate to lactic acid
| Slow is cho to pyruvate to acetylcoa
106
How fast does glycolysis get turned on
5 sec
107
What enzyme breaks glycogen off the chain
Glycogen phosphorylase
108
Enzyme that converts glucose to g6p
Hexokinase
109
Rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis
Phosphofructokinase
110
What activates glycogen phosphorylase
Calcium
111
Describe phosphocreatine
```
Fast
High rates
Short bursts of energy
Very little stored in muscle
Creates ATP anaerobically
```
112
Rate of pcr replenishment
80 percent within first minute
| Rest within next 5
113
Red meat is
Creatine
114
Pcr has ___ chemical reaction
1, Creatine kinase
115
Where does myosin atpase happen
Cross bridge formation
116
ATP is made of
Myokinase + 2adp
117
What is important for Hypertrophy
Time spent under tension
118
Rate limiting enzyme for Krebs cycle
Isocitrateddehydrogenase
119
Rate limiting enzyme for etc
Cytochromeoxidase
120
Increased levels of adp cause
Stimulation of Creatine kinase reaction
121
Decreased levels of adp
Adp not being used as much
| Walking is example
122
Accumulation of adp is from
ATP being used, energy is used for kc or etc or glycolysis
123
Glycolysis supports activities of
1-7 mins
124
What limits performance
Build up of metabolic byproducts (glycolysis)
| Depletion of pcr or of substrate (in pcr system)
125
What goes in and out of sarcoplasm to mitochondria
Lactate and pyruvate
126
What is used as a cell to cell muscle transporter
Lactate
127
Lactate can be used as
Waste product or as fuel by active muscle fibers
128
Glycolysis has
18 steps
129
Oxidative system has
124 chemical reactions
130
Oxidative system has two parts
Krebs (no oxygen used)
| Etc (oxygen used in last step)
131
Oxidative system does what?
Oxidizes cho and fat
132
1 nadh
3 ATP
133
1 fadh2
2 ATP
134
One turn of kc makes
1 ATP directly
135
Krebs does what?
Makes electron carriers (nadh and fadh2) then carried to etc
136
Krebs located in
Mitochondria
137
Three fates of cho
Stored as glycogen
Converted to pyruvate
Enters kc and etc to be oxidized
138
What do trained have compared to untrained
More mitochondrial density
139
What is a better performance predictor in homogeneous group of athletes
Lactate threshold
140
You can replenish pcr faster by
Increasing mitochondrial density
141
Max heart rate related to
Activity level
142
Sedentary individuals lose
10bmp per decade after 30
143
Active individual lose
5bmp per decade after 30
144
Hearty rate is linear to
Exercise intensity
145
What regulates heart rate
Rest 0-100 pns gradual withdrawal
| 101-Max sns
146
Tachycardia is
Fast hr
147
Brachycardia is
Slow hr
148
Resistance trained athletes have
Normal diameter
| Thicker walls of heart
149
At rest blood flows to
Splanchnic regions and veins
150
During exercise blood flows to
75 percent to active muscles
151
What stimulates red blood cell production
Reduction in kidney blood flow causes
Erythropoietin causes
Aldosterone cause
Increase in red blood cell production
152
What increases plasma volume
Aldosterone cause
retention of water in kidney causes
Plasma volume to go up
153
Detaining is
Reduction of kidney blood slow causes
| 25% decrease in blood volume with 10 days
154
As body temperature increases
Blood volume increases
155
Q is
Hr x SV
| Amount of blood pumped in one minute
156
Blood volume ranged from
300-400ml
| .3-.4l
157
Aerobic training increases
Bv hr and SV inc
| Q doesn't change
158
Vo2 equations
| Most important component
CO
159
Detraining
Increase in blood volume biggest adaptation
| Increased lvedd and increased muscle mass last longer (morph change)
160
Detraining vs those who never trained
Over 3 months
Oxidative capacity declined by 25 percent
Capillary density retained
Myoglobin concentration retained
Compare de trained to those who never trained
Oxygen capacity still 50 percent higher
Shows years of training are a factor
161
.5 l/min vo2 =
2.5 l/min Q
162
Q inc because
Inc bv which causes
Inc SV
SV is the primary drive to increase it
163
To keep q constant
Hr dec, SV inc
164
Systolic Bp inc during aerobic exercise
Bp = q x pr
Inc q, dec pr
As q inc, trying to force more fluid per minute to a smaller diameter
165
Q overtakes dilation of the vasculature network
Dbp stays the same
166
Why do dbp and sbp increase with arms
Size of muscle and vascular ire network are proportional, smaller vascular ire network, higher resistance to flow with arms
167
Dehydration is from exercising in
Heat
SV dec due to loss of plasma volume
Hr increases as a compensatory mechanism
This is to maintain q
168
Trading at altitude
Does not in fade performance at sea level because the intensity is lower
Does increase performance at altitude
169
Muscle fibers
Cannot be changed. Inner action set by genetics. Can change in lab. Can't change by exercise.
they are trainable by inc oxidative capacity
170
Anabolic hormone and putting load facilitates
More growth resulting in muscle Hypertrophy
