Exam 1 Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
How many insect species have been discovered?
A
~1 million
2
Q
What are 5 reasons insects have been so successful?
A
- reproduce fast, fast development 2. flight 3. small size 4. molting, metamorphosis 5. exoskeleton
3
Q
How are insects beneficial?
A
most commercial crop plants pollinated by insects natural enemy of many pests soil fertliization products bioindicators forensic entomology scientific knowledge
4
Q
Examples of insects as bioindicators.
A
-stoneflies and caddisflies indicate clean water -rattail maggots (larvae of hover fly) indicate contaminated water
5
Q
Problems with insect pests
A
injure, transmit pathogens, kill humans and animals - reduce animal weight gain and production damage food and fiber crops disease vectors - malaria, west nile
6
Q
What are issues with responding to insect pests with chemicals?
A
environmental damage health problems insects become resistant expensive
7
Q
What is the basis for classification?
A
SIMILARITY
8
Q
What were the 1st traits used for classifying?
A
morphological
9
Q
Carl Linne
A
created binomial nomenclature - Genus species
10
Q
Taxonomic hierarchy
A
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
11
Q
5 Characteristics of Phylulm Arthropoda
A
- Exoskeleton with chitin 2. Segmented body 3. Paired, jointed appendages 4. Dorsal heart with open circulation 5. Ventral nerve cord and dorsal brain
12
Q
Advantages of an exoskeleton
A
- Reduce water loss 2. Provides site for muscle attachment 3. Protection - mechanical - pathogens
13
Q
Problems that had to be solved because of exoskeleton
A
- growth 2. sensory perception 3. exchange of gases (respiration)
14
Q
Advantages of segmentation
A
- strength and flexibility 2. muscle attachment 3. blood pressure control
15
Q
Tagmosis
A
fusion of body segments into regions called tagmata
16
Q
What are the 3 tagmata of all insects?
A
head, thorax and abdomen
17
Q
What are the five classes of arthropoda and examples of each?
A
- Arachnida - spiders, ticks, mites 2. Crustacea - pill bugs 3. Diplopoda - millipedes 4. Chilopoda - centipedes 5. Insecta - grasshoppers, butterflies,
18
Q
Characteristics of Arachnida.
A
- cephalothorax and abdomen 2. no antennae or wings 3. 4 pairs of legs 4. 1 pair of mouthparts - chelicerae
19
Q
Characteristics of crustacea
A
- Head, thorax, and abodomen or chephalothorax and abodmen 2. usually 2 pair of antennae 3. 5 or more pairs of walking legs 4. most aquatic
20
Q
Characteristics of diplopoda
A
- Wingless body with head and many segmented trunk 2. 1 pair of antennae 3. trunk with 2 pair legs/segment (except 1st 3) 4. terrestrial - damp areas 5. manny species secrete foul smelling fluid for defense
21
Q
Characteristics of chilopoda
A
- wingless body with head and 15-177 trunk segments 2. 1 pair antennae 3. trunk segments (except 1st and last 3) have 1 pair legs 4. 1st segment- poison legs (jaws) - ‘toxicognaths”
22
Q
Characteristics of insecta
A
- Winged (usually) body 2. 1 pair of antennae 3. 3 pairs of legs 4. abdomen segments have no legs 5. highly modified mouthparts 6. variety of different habitats 7. variety of feeding habits
23
Q
Consequences of exoskeleton.
A
must molt to grow
24
Q
Two types of molting or growing.
A
Ecdysis and metamorphosis
25
Integument from outer layer to inner.
Epicuticle --\> Exocuticle --\> Endocutical --\> Epidermis --\> Basement membrane
26
Function of epidermis
make cuticle
27
Function of Basement membrane
trigger immune response
28
What is the epicuticle made of and function
-cement, wax, proteins - prevention of water loss
29
what is the exocuticle made of and function
protection chitin and proteins
30
What is the endocuticle made of
chitin and proteins
31
Sclerotization
hardening, has to do with the way the chitin binds to the proteins (exocuticle)
32
Describe the structure of chitin.
Chain of N-acetylglucosamine by 1-4 beta linkages
33
Describe the molting process.
2 steps 1. Apolysis - separation of cuticle from epidermis 2.Molting - process of digesting old cuticle, secreting new cuticle, and shedding old cuticle A procuticle is formed after apolysis that activates enzymes that digest old cuticle. New cuticle is folded first and then stretches and hardens
34
Instar
each developmetal stage of insects life is termed an instar
35
2 types of metamorphosis
Hemimetabola - imcomplete Hemometabola - complete
36
What is the advantage of complete metamorphosis over incomplete?
In complete the immature stages are very different from the adults and do not compete for food like the young and adults do in incomplete.
37
What are two important insect hormones to remember and what are their chemical structures? What are their functions?
Ecdyson - molting hormone, steroid Juvenile hormone - hydrocarbon, multiple forms, maintains juvenile or larva condition
38
What is special about insects' eyes?
They have 2 compound eyes composed of many individual photoreceptors
39
What are the four kinds of mouth parts and give example of insects with those?
sponging - house flies siphoning - moths piercing - sucking - mosquitos chewing - ground beetles
40
What sensory functions do the antennae have?
touch, smell, taste, hearing, and humidity
41
Primary function of the thorax?
locomotion
42
3 parts of the thorax in order from front to back?
pro -, meso-, metathorax
43
Where are the wings of insects located?
1st pair on the mesothorax and 2nd pair on the metathorax
44
What are the 5 leg modifications and examples of insects with each?
cursorial (running) - ground beetles, cockroaches fossorial (digging) - mole cricket Raptorial (grasping) - mantids Saltatorial (jjumping) - grasshoppers natatorial (swimming) - diving beetles
45
Pterygotes
winged insects
46
Paleoptera
"ancient winged" - cannot fold wings, primitive
47
Why is the ability to fold wings significant?
opens new niches and habitats
48
How many segments is the abdomen?
9-11
49
Lady Parts
spring-like ovipositor
50
Guy parts
pair of claspers
51
What are three major evolutionary advances of insects?
Tagmosis, ability to fold wings and complete metamorphosis
52
Desribe the respiratory system. (look at diagrams, and be able to label)
system of air ducts running into and through the insect body
53
Major air ducts are _______ that open to the outside via openings called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Trachea; Spiracles
54
Respiratory system function
intake, transport and utilization of oxygen. removal of carbon dioxide
55
Functions of spiracles.
Discontinuous gas exchange, protection from bacteria.
56
3 methods of active ventilation for respiration.
1. Telescopic movement of body (abdomen) 2. Discontinuous directional air flow. 3. Primary mode is diffusion of gases across membranes movement from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration
57
Compositions of Hemolymph.
1. Inorganic ions: chloride, potassium, phosphate, sodium, magnesium 2. Organic molecules: trehalose, glucose, diacylglycerol 3. Proteins 4. Hemocytes 5. Water
58
What are different kinds of hemocytes?
Prohemocyte, plasmatocyte, granulocyte
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Functions of hemolymph?
1. immune systems and wound healing 2. transport and storage of nutrients 3. reservoir of fluid (water), nutrition, and enzymes 4. Transport hormones 5. Hydraulic support 6. Heat distribution
60
Three major sections of the digestive system.
foregut, midgut, hindgut
61
What are the major parts of an insect that molt?
1. exoskeleton 2. lining of trachea 3. foregut
62
What section of the digestive system is the main site of digestion and absorption?
midgut
63
What is the significance of the peritrophic matrix?
allows for reuse of digestive enzymes
64
Function of hindgut.
resorption of water, salts and amino acids
65
Malpighian tubule
series of tubules attached at the juncture of mid- and hindgut that free flow though blood and gather waste products (ammonia) and turn it into uric acid Recycle water and salts back to hemolymph
66
Different kinds of receptors
Photoreceptors,mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors. Other- thermoreceptors and hygroreceptors
67
Insect central nervous system
Dorsal brain and ventral nerve cord
68
What are the 2 ways sperm can be transferred?
In a small capsule called a spermatophore or as 'naked' sperm in ejaculate
69
Apterygota
transfer sperm externally
70
Pterygotes
transfer sperm directly and internally to the female
71
Where to females store sperm
spermatheca
72
Mature eggs move into the \_\_\_\_\_\_
genital chamber
73
What do accessory glands to in females?
open into the genital chamber and secrete various substances
74
Micropyles
special channels that allow sperm to enter and fertilize eggs
75
Oviparity
Female deposits eggs near food of young
76
Advantages and disadvantages of oviparity?
Advantage: greater number of eggs Disadvantage: eggs have no protection, thus have low survival
77
Ovoviviparity
female deposits newly hatches larva on or near food of the young
78
Advantages and disadvantage of ovoviviparity?
advantage: further develope than just eggs disadvantage: fewer offspring
79
Viviparity
female nourishes larvae or nymphs. dropped last instar larvae are ready to pupate
80
Advantages and disadvantages of viviparity
Advantages - eliminates dangers suffered by eggs and larvae (and nymphs) Disadvantages - fewer offspring
81
Other kinds of insect reproduction
parthenogenesis - development without fertilization aphids Polyembryony - one egg is laid in the host divides and can produce from a few to 1500 offspring some parasitic wasps
82
What are three ways to increase certainty of paternity for male competition?
1. Sperm precedence - 1st sperm in the spermatheca is the most successful. 2. Reduce effectiveness of subsequent matings mating plugs pheromone to decrease female receptivity guarding of females (dragonflies) 3. reduce effectiveness of earlier matings removal of sperm from spermatheca
83
What are three strategies of morphological and behaviorial srategiesdefense mechanisms? An example of each strategy.
Strategy 1 - Avoiding detection; crypsis (camouflage), nocturnal lifestyle Strategy 2 - evading attack; mimicry, protective housing, speed and agility Strategy 3 - Surviving and attack; repugnant chemicals, stinger
84
What are the physiological defense mechanisms?
Wound healing and immune system
85
Wound healing
blood clotting = coagulation
86
Cellular Immune Responses
phagocytosis - (small particles) Encapsulation - large foreign objects like stingers, hemocytes surround object and slowly cover the entire object
87
Humoral Immune Responses
invertebrates do not have antibodies, depend on recognition of NON-SELF and disruption of epithelium and basal lamina. a) PRRs (personal recognition receptors) - recognize microbes - in hemolymph and the gut epithelium b) Antimicrobial compounds and lysosymes
88
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