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Pharmacology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

Adverse drug events

A

Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication

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2
Q

Adverse drug reaction

A

Any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to the medication given at a therapeutic dose. Not an overdose

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3
Q

Adverse effects

A

A general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs

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4
Q

Agonist

A

A drug that binds to an stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body

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5
Q

Allergic reaction

A

And immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication. A type of adverse drug event

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6
Q

Antagonist

A

A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body. Antagonists are also called inhibitors

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7
Q

Antagonistic effects

A

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. One plus one equals less than two. It is usually caused by an antagonizing, blocking or reducing, effect of one drug on another

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8
Q

Bioavailability

A

A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route. From 0% to 100%

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9
Q

Biotransformation

A

One or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug. Biotransformation occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either in active or active. Also known as metabolism

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10
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

The barrier system that restricts the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities between the bloodstream and the central nervous system. It still allows for the passage of essential substances such as oxygen

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11
Q

Chemical name

A

The name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug

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12
Q

Contraindication

A

Any condition, especially one related to a disease state or patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable

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13
Q

Cytochrome P450

A

The general name for a large class of enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions

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14
Q

Dependence

A

A state in which there is compulsive or chronic need for a drug

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15
Q

Dissolution

A

The process by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract and become soluble before being absorbed into the circulation

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16
Q

Drug

A

Any chemical that affects the psychological or physiological processes of a living organism

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17
Q

Drug actions

A

The processes involved in the interaction between a drunken body cells. For example the action of a drunk on a receptor protein. Also called mechanism of action

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18
Q

Drug classification

A

A method of grouping drugs. Maybe based on structure or therapeutic use

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19
Q

Drug effects

A

The physiologic reactions of the body to a drug. They can be therapeutic were toxic and describe how the body is affected as a whole by the drug. The terms onset, peak, and duration are used to describe drug affects

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20
Q

Drug induced teratogenesis

A

The development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effects of drugs

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21
Q

Drug interaction

A

Alteration in the pharmacologic or pharmacokinetic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs. It is usually related to effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs

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22
Q

Duration of action

A

The length of time the concentration of the drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response

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23
Q

Enzymes

A

Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the body’s physiological processes as well as those related to drug metabolism

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24
Q

First pass effect

A

The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation throughout the bloodstream

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25
Generic name
The name given to a drug by the United States adopted names counsel. Also called the non-propriety name. The generic name is much shorter and simpler than the chemical name and is not protected by trademark
26
Glucose six phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
A hereditary condition in which red blood cells breakdown when the body is exposed to certain drugs
27
Half-life
The time required for half of been administered to be illuminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50%
28
Idiosyncratic reaction
The not normal and unexpected response to medication other than an allergic reaction that is peculiar to an individual patient
29
Incompatibility
The characteristic that causes to parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixture given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs
30
Intra-arterial
Within an artery
31
Intra-articular
Within a joint
32
Intrathecal
Within a sheep for example the theca of the spinal cord, as an interathecal injection into the sub arachnoid space
33
Medication error
Any preventable adverse drug events involving inappropriate medication used by a patient or healthcare professional, it may or may not cause patient harm
34
Medication use process
The prescribing, dispensing, and administering medications, and the monitoring of their effects
35
Metabolite
The chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical reactions involving the parent drug. Active metabolites are those that have pharmacologic activity of their own, even if the parent drug is inactive. In active metabolites lack pharmacologic activity and or simply drug waste products awaiting excretion from the body
36
Onset of action
The time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing
37
Parent drug
The chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the bodies biochemical reactions into its active or in active metabolites. The parents rug that is not pharmacologically active is called a prodrug. A prodrug is then metabolized to pharmacologically active metabolites
38
Peak affect
The time required for a drug to reach it's maximum therapeutic response in the body
39
Peak level
The maximum concentration of the drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring
40
Pharmaceutics
The science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage form design
41
Pharmacodynamics
The study of the biochemical and physiological interactions of drugs at their site of activity. It examines the physicochemical properties of drugs and their pharmacologic interactions with body receptors
42
Pharmacoeconomics
The study of economic factors impacting the cost of drug therapy
43
Pharmacogenomics
The study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response, including the nature of genetic aberrations that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug metabolizing enzymes
44
PharmaCognosy
The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources
45
Pharmacokinetics
The study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body. Represents the drug absorption into, distribution and metabolism within, and excretion from the body.
46
Pharmacology
The broadest terms for the study or science of drugs
47
PharmaCotherapeutics
The treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs
48
Pro drug
And in active drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body
49
Receptor
A molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell. Receptors bind to specific substances and one or more corresponding cellular affects occurs as a result of this drug receptor interaction
50
Steady-state
The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose
51
Substrates
Substances on which an enzyme acts
52
Synergistic effects
Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. For example one plus one is greater then two. Compare with additive effects
53
Therapeutic drug monitoring
The process of measuring drug levels to identify a patient's drug exposure and to allow adjustment of dosages with the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity
54
Therapeutic effect
The desired or intended effect of a particular medication
55
Therapeutic index
The ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug
56
Tolerance
Reduced response to a drug after prolonged use
57
Toxic
The quality of being poisonous
58
Toxicity
The condition of producing adverse bodily affects due to poisonous qualities
59
Toxicology
The study of poisons, including toxic drug effects, and applicable treatments
60
Trade name
The commercial name given to a drug product by its manufacturer
61
Trough level
The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring
62
Additive effects
Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. For example one plus one equals two. Compare with synergistic effects
63
(Ch 3) Active Transport
The active (energy-requiring) movement of a substance between different tissues via pumping mechanisms contained within cell membranes.
64
(Ch 3) Diffusion
The passive movement of substances (e.g., a drug) between different tissues from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. (Compare with active transport.)
65
(Ch 3) Elderly
A person age 65+
66
(Ch 3) Neonate
A person younger than 1 month of age; newborn infant.
67
(Ch 3) Nomogram
A graphic tool for estimating drug dosages using various body measurements.
68
(Ch 3) Pediatric
A person age 12 or younger.
69
(Ch 3) Polypharmacy
The use of many different drugs concurrently in treating a patient, who often has several health problems.
70
What items must be written to have a complete medication order from a prescriber?
1. Patient's name 2. Date order was written 3. Name of medication 4. Dosage (size, frequency, number of doses) 5. Route of delivery 6. Signature of the prescriber
71
6 rights of medication administration
Right: - drug - dose - time - route - documentation - patient
72
Additional rights of medication administration
Right to: - double check - proper storage and documentation - accurate calculation and preparation of dosage - careful checking of transcription of orders - patient safety with correct procedures and techniques - right to accurate routes of administration - close consideration of special situations - having all meanures taken with regard to the prevention and reporting of med errors - individualized and complete patient teaching - accurate and cautious pt monitoring for therapeutic effects and side effects - safe use of the nursing process - refusal of medication
73
CR
controlled release
74
CRT
Controlled release tablet
75
LA
long acting
76
SR
sustained release
77
TR
time release
78
RD
time delay
79
SA
sustained action
80
XL
extended release
81
XR
extended release
82
Types of drug reactions
- additive effects (1+1=2) - synergistic effects (1+1= greater than 2) - antagonistic effects (1+1=less than 2) - incompatibility
83
drug effects in the first trimester
greatest danger for drug-induced developmental defects. Drug exposure is most detrimental here.
84
Drug effects in the third trimester
Drug transfer is more likely. Transfer of drugs occurs through diffusion across the placenta
85
General effects of pharmacokinetics in the elderly
-absorption is slowed -distribution is decreased -metabolism is decreased excretion is decreased
86
1906: Pure food and drug act
- drugs should be free of impure products | - standardized med strength, quality, purity, packaging, safety, labeling, dose form
87
chamomile risk
increased risk for bleeding with anticoagulants
88
Cranberry risk
decreased elimination of many drugs that are renally excreted
89
Echinacea risk
possible interference with or counteraction to immunosuppressant drugs and antivirals
90
Evening primrose risk
possible interaction with antipsychotic drugs
91
garlic risk
possible interference with hypoglycemic therapy and the anticoagulant warfarin (coumadin)
92
Gingko risk
may increase risk of bleeding with anticoagulants (warfarin, heparin) and antiplatelets (aspirin, clopidogrel)
93
Ginger root risk
at high dosages, possible interferences with cardiac, antidiabetic, or anticoagulant drugs
94
grapefruit risks
- decreased metabolism of drugs used to erectile disfunction - decreases metabolism of estrogens and some psychotherapeutic drugs (benzodiazepines, sertraline) - increases risk of toxicity of immunosuppressants, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, and some psychotherapeutic drugs (pimozide, escitalipram) - increases intensity and duration of effects of caffeine
95
Hawthorn risk
may lead to toxic levels of cardiac glycosides
96
kava risk
may increase the effect of barbituates and alcohol
97
Saw palmetto risk
may change the effects of hormones in oral contraceptive drugs, patches, or hormonal replacement therapies
98
St. John's Wort risk
may lead to serotonin syndrome if used with other sertonergic drugs (SSRIs)
99
Valerian risk
increases central nervous system depression if used with sedatives
100
Adrenergic Agonists
* Fight or Flight * Vasoconstriction * Increase HR * Bronchodilate * Pupil dilation * Decreased GI Motility
101
Adrenergic antagonists
Adrenergic Antagonists / Blockers * Rest and Digest: See, Shit, Spit * Vasodilatation * Decrease HR * Bronchial Constriction * Pupil Constrict * Increased GI Motility/ urination
102
Cholinergic Agonists
* Rest and Digest: See, Shit, Spit * Vasodilatation * Decrease HR * Bronchial Constriction * Pupil Constrict * Increased GI Motility/urination
103
Cholinergic Antagonists
* Fight or Flight * Vasoconstriction * Increase HR * Bronchodilate * Pupil dilation * Decreased GI motility

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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