Exam 1 Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
Speech Communication
A
- Intention
- Utterance
- Articulatory Plan
- Articulation
- Sound
- Auditory Response
- Word Sequence
- Understanding
2
Q
Mass
A
Amount of matter in object (kg, g)
3
Q
Force
A
Influence resulting in changes to speed, direction, shape (newton)
4
Q
Weight
A
Force of gravity on mass (kg)
5
Q
Volume
A
quantity
6
Q
Density
A
mass per unit volume (g/c3, g/ml)
7
Q
Speed
A
distance traveled by object per time unit (m/s)
-velocity
8
Q
Velocity
A
speed in specific direction (m/s)
9
Q
Momentum
A
mass times velocity of object during motion (kg x m/s)
10
Q
Acceleration
A
velocity change over time (a=F/m) (newtons second law of motion)
11
Q
Inertia
A
resistance of object to a change in its state of motion or rest (kg) (newtons first law of motion)
12
Q
Elasticity
A
property of material that returns to original shape after being deformed by an external force (stress)
13
Q
Deformation
A
change in shape or size of object due to an applied force
14
Q
Stiffness
A
resistance to deformation by an applied force
15
Q
Work
A
force exerted over distance (joules)
16
Q
Power
A
rate of work done in period of time (watts)
17
Q
Intensity
A
power per unit of area
18
Q
Pressure
A
a force acting perpendicular on a specific surface area (pascal)
19
Q
Sound
A
a disturbance creates a change in pressure (gas, liquid or solid)
20
Q
Brownian Motion
A
molecules in air are not stationary and they move around in random patterns at high speeds, colliding with each other and what is in their path
21
Q
Pressure Differential
A
the difference in area pressure, causes air to flow and decrease a driving pressure
22
Q
Flow
A
movement of air through a particular area in a certain interval of time
23
Q
Volume Velocity
A
the rate of flow
24
Q
Laminar Flow
A
smooth flowing air
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Turbulent Flow
obstacle disturbs air flow
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Compression
molecules pushed closer together; increased density and increased pressure
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Rarefraction
molecules pulled apart; decreased density and decreased pressure
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Friction
air resistance brings objects back to equilibrium reducing amplitude in the movement over time (damping)--> NO MORE SOUND
29
Frequency
number of cycles of vibration per second (Hz)
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Period
time taken for one cycle to occur (sec)
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Periodic
a wave in which every cycle takes the same amount of time
32
Aperiodic
a wave in which individual cycles do not take the same amount of time to occur
33
Wavelength
the distance covered by one complete cycle (m)
34
Amplitude
maximum displacement from rest
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Pitch
perceptual correlate (the individuals perception of frequency)
36
Intensity
physical measure of amount of energy expended over a particular area
37
Loudness
perceptual correlate of amplitude and intensity
38
Logarithmic Scale
units increase by greater amounts as we go up scale
39
Threshold of Hearing
standard reference sound. soft sound at 1000 Hz that human can hear 50% of the time 0dB
40
Resonance
tendency of a system to vibrate with greatest amplitude in response to a frequency that matched or comes close to its own natural frequency
41
Natural Frequency (NF)
AKA: Free Vibration
- the frequency at which an object vibrates freely
- determined by mass, length, density, and tension/stiffness
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Forced Vibration
occurs when the vibration from one object set anothers objects into vibration if the NF's of both objects match or are with in ceratin distances from one another
Ex: singer hits high note, glass shatters
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Applied/ Driving Frequency
Source
| E.g. tuning fork 1
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Resonator
object that is set into motion
| E.g: tuning fork 2
45
Resonant Frequency (RF)
the frequency at which the resonance occurs
46
Acoustic Resonance (AR)
occurs when an air filled container is forced to vibrate by an applied frequency/ies
Ex: blowing air across an open bottle
47
Bandwidth
- the range of frequencies a resonator will respond to
| - determined by shape of container and other physical characteristic
48
Source-Filter Theory of Vowel Production
- explains how vocal tract filed the glottal sound
1. glottal sound
2. vocal tract resonator
3. sound at the lips
49
Glottal sound
source
50
Vocal Tract Resonator
transfer
51
Sound at the Lips
output
52
Source Function
frequencies from vocal fold vibration
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Transfer Function
Frequencies of vocal tract
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Output Function
interaction of source and transfer
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Articulation
a process whereby vocal tract structures are modified to shape exhaled air into specific speech sounds
56
Phonemes
individual speech sounds
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Vocal Tract
- hollow tube
- consists of pharynx, oral cavity and nasal cavities
- pharynx is position is mostly vertical, whereas oral and nasal cavities are mostly horizontal
- variable in shape
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Oral Cavity: Lips
Primary muscle is orbicularis oris muscle; superior and inferior labial frenulum; important for articulation of labial sounds
-/p/ /b/ /m/ /w/
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Oral Cavity: Mandible
Forms the lower jaw; condylar process to skull (temporal bone) via temporomanidibular joint (TMJ); open and close, protrude and retract, move from side to side; helps shape labials/bilabilals
60
Oral Cavity: Teeth
Upper and lower sets; adults have 32; types: incisors, canines, premolars, molars; An immovable articulator at which the tongue can from connections. Channel air flow for fricatives like /s/
61
Oral Cavity: Hard Palate
complex bony structure that makes up roof of oral cavity and floor of nasal cavity; Arched structure. Alveolar ridge; point of tongue contact or approximation for /t/, /d/ /s/ /z/ //l/. Also for /sh/ /zh/ /r/
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Oral Cavity: Soft Palate
also called velum; lies posterior to hard palate; at rest, hangs down into pharynx; velopharyngeal passage; needed for production of nasal sounds /m/ /n/ ing; hypernasality and hyponasality
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Oral Cavity: Tongue
most important and most active of all articulators; able to assume many different and complex configurations/positions in rapid sequences
64
Parts of the Tongue
```
Tip: nearest the front teeth
Blade: just below alveolar ridge
Front: just below hard palate
Back: just below soft palate
Root: most posterior section
```
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Tongue Muscles: Intrinsic Muscles
both attachments within the tongue. Adjust fine movement of shape and position. Rapid delicate articulation of speech
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Tongue Muscles: Extrinsic Muscles
one attachment within the tongue, one external to the tongue. Move the tongue around to different positions. Get the tongue in position for articulation
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Pharynx
long hollow tube that runs behind the nasal cavities and larynx
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx
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Nasopharynx
behind nasal cavities. Inferior border at soft palate
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Oropharynx
behind oral cavity. Extends from soft palate to hyoid bone
70
Laryngopharynx
behind larynx. extends from hyoid bone to the sixth cervical vertebrae
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Pharynx Muscle: Pharyngeal Constrictors
circular muscles that can ride freely along the vertebral column
- superior, middle, and inferior
- largest and strongest
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Pharynx Muscle: Cricopharyngeus muscle
ring around top opening of esophagus. Contracted during rest, relaxes during swallow
73
Nasal Cavities
- large air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face
- nose is divided into 2 cavities by the nasal septum
- lined with mucous membrane and cilia
- important in resonating nasal sounds in english
74
Vocal Tract Valves
1. Labial Valve: formed by the lips
2. Lingual valve: formed by tongue
3. Velopharyngeal valve: formed by velum and pharyngeal walls
4. Laryngeal valve: formed by vocal folds
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Consonant Classification System
1. Manner of Articulation
2. Place of Articulatio
3. Voicing
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Manner of Articulation
How articulators relate to one another (stops; fricatives; affricates; nasals; glides; liquids)
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Place of Articulation
where articulators contract/ approximate (labiodental; bilabial; interdental; alveolar; palatal; velar; glottal)
78
Voicing
absence or presence of vocal fold vibration (voiced; voiceless)
79
Manner of Articulation: Stops
- aka plosives
- two articulators -> pressure generated behind contact point-> release explosively
- VP valve must be closed
- require good motor control
- 6 stops in english (3 voiced; 3 voiceless)
- /p/ b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/
80
Manner of Articulation: Fricatives
- air forced at high pressures through a narrow channel (approximate) created by articulators
- hissing sound/friction noise as air escapes
- VP valves must be closed
- 9 fricatives in english ( 5 voiceless; 4 voiced)
- /th/ /f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /sh/ /zh/ /h/
81
Manner of Articulation: Affricates
- sound begins as a stop but then changes midstream to end up as fricative
- created by a change in tongue position mid-release
- 2 affricates in english
- /ch/ (d+z)
82
Manner of Articulation: Nasals
- resonation occurs in the nasal cavities instead of the oral cavity
- blockage between two articulators (like stops)
- VP valve is open (block oral exit, forcing sound wave through nasal cavities)
- /m/ /n/ ing
83
Manner of Articulation: Glides
-also called semi-vowels
-tongue shifts smoothly from one position to another (sound emerges during this shift)
-2 glides in english
/j/ /w/
84
Manner of Articulation: Liquids
-similar to glides
-tongue forms loose blockage in the oral cavity, and air flows around the blockage and out the mouth
-two liquids in english
/l/ /r/
85
Voicing
consonants are produced with or without vocal fold vibration
86
Cognates
pairs of sounds that differ only in voicing (identical place and manner of articulation)
87
Vowel Classification System
- classified according to location of the tongue body within the oral cavity
- tongue height and tongue advancement
- conceptualized in the vowel quadrilateral (represents the oral cavity)
- vowels classified as high front, high back, mid front, etc
88
Kinematic Measures of Articulation
- cineradiography
- strain gage
- x-ray mircrobeam
- utrasound
- electropalatography (EPG)
- Glossometry
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
89
Normal Speech
Cognitive-Linguistic Processing--> Motor Speech Programming ---> Neuromotor Execution
90
Cognitive- Linguistic Processing
- generate intent to speak
- generate verbal symbols
- symbols organized according to the rules of language
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Motor Speech Programming
- translate verbal symbols into a motor plan,a sensorimotor score
- select which muscles need to be activiated (timing, order, etc)
92
Neuromotor Execution
- central and peripheral nervous system involve
- executing the motor speech plan by innervating speech mechanisms
- SPEECH
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How can communication go wrong?
- vascular disease
- toxic-metabolix disorders
- TBI
- Degenerative diseases
- infamatory disease
94
Apraxia of Speech (AOS)
A neurological speech disorder that reflects an impaired capacity to plan or program sensorimotor commands neccessary for directing movements that result in phonetically and prosodically normal speech. It can occur in the absence of physiologic disturbances associated with the dysarthrias and in the absence of disturbance in any component of language
95
Speech Characteristics of Apraxia (general)
- difficulty stringing sounds/syllables together in the appropriate order to make words
- primarily affects articulation and prosody
- increased difficulty with long words/sentences
- repeated attempts at pronunciation of words (high level or error awareness)
- visible and audible groping/struggle to form words
- inability to produce sound at all (in sever cases)
96
Speech Characteristics of Apraxia: Articulatory Deficits
- consonant and vowel distortions
- distorted substitutions and additions
- distorted perspective substitutions
- distorted anticipatory substitutions
- distorted voicing distinctions
---> inconsistenices in articulatory errors
97
Speech Characteristics of Apraxia: Prosodic Deficits
- slow speaking rate
- prolonged but variable vowel duraition
- prolonged but variable inter-word intervals
- syllable segregation
- equal across syllables/words
--> abnormal stress sometimes percieved as foreign accent in monolingual speaker
98
Summary: Apraxia of Speech
- motor speech programming deficit
- difficulty putting syllables together in the correct order to form words
- no muscular paralysis or weakness
99
Dysarthria
a collective name for a group of neurogenic speech disorders. disorder is due to disturbed muscular control of the speech mechanism and results from impairment to any of the basic motor processes involved in speech production
100
Definition Components of Dysarthria
- collective variety of dysarthiras
- neurogenic secondary to CNS and/or PNS damage
- speech disorders language is intact
- muscular controls strength, speed, steadiness, range, direction, tone, accuracy
- basic motor processes of speech: respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation, prosody
101
Speech Characteristics of Dysarthria (general)
- imprecise articulation (slurry speech)
- volume changes
- speech rate changes
- abnormal, varying rhythm of speech
- voice quality changes (hoarse, strained)
- nasality
--> errors relatively consistent
102
Summary: Dysarthria
- neuromotor execution deficit
- difficulty activation muscles to produce speech
- different types, depending on pathophsiology
