exam 1 Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
cornea, lens, and vitreous chamber are what kind of structures?
A
transparent structures
2
Q
Na + (taste sensation)
A
salty
3
Q
acidic compounds (taste sensation)
A
sour
4
Q
Retina, Iris, ciliary body, and a Choroid are what kind of structures?
A
opaque structures
5
Q
Sugars, some other carbohydrates, and some proteins (taste sensation)
A
Sweet
6
Q
Alkaloids/base compounds (taste sensation)
A
Bitter
7
Q
Amino acid glutamate and related compounds (taste sensation)
A
Umami
8
Q
Artificial sweeteners (taste sensation)
A
Sweet
9
Q
Beef (taste sensation)
A
Umami
10
Q
Sensory nerve signals fro some viscera can be perceived as originating from another location. This is known as ______ pain.
A
Referred pain
11
Q
The center of the retina is a pit called the _______
A
Fovea centralis
12
Q
The cells that are photoreceptors (detect color) are _____
A
Cones
13
Q
In low light conditions, only rods are activated, and visual acuity is best in the ____ of the eye
A
Corners
14
Q
In bright light conditions, visual acuity is best when light is focused on the ____ of the eye
A
Center
15
Q
A single ganglion cell outside of the fovea receives input from _____ rod(s)
A
Multiple
16
Q
Each one synapses with ____ ganglion cell(s)
A
One
17
Q
Match the stimulus to the type of sensory receptor.
Carbon dioxide
A
Chemoreceptors
18
Q
Match the stimulus to the type of sensory receptor.
Glow-stick
A
Photoreceptors
19
Q
Match the stimulus to the type of sensory receptor.
Touch
A
Mechanoreceptor
20
Q
Match the stimulus to the type of sensory receptor.
A burn
A
Nociceptor
21
Q
Match the stimulus to the type of sensory receptor.
A hot oven
A
Thermoreceptor
22
Q
Smelling of a flower, seeing a rainbow, and feeling the wind are all examples of what?
A
A stimulus
23
Q
Recognize a favorite color, realize a plate is hot, recognize a friends voice are all examples of what?
A
A sensation
24
Q
Each visual field is divided into three parts; central, temporal, and nasal. (T,F)
A
False
25
Light fro each part of a visual field projects to the same side of the retina except for the central part which projects to both. (T,F)
False
26
An optic nerve consists of axons extending. From the retina to the optic chasm (T,F)
True
27
How does light affect rhodopsin?
It dissociates rhodopsin and changes 11-cis- retina, to all-trans-retinal
28
Damage to one eye will result in
A lack of depth perception
29
Our body responds to the osmolarity of our blood plasma, but we are not consciously aware of it. Because we respond but are not aware, this is an example of a sensation, but not a stimulus. (T,F)
False
30
Our ability to precisely locate a stimulus is ____ proportional to receptive field size.
Inversely
31
In general, you become unaware of the shirt on your back because your touch receptors
Undergo adaptation
32
Which term best describes receptors that detect stimuli from interns, organs?
Interoceptors
33
These receptors detect specific molecules in our external and internal environments
Chemoreceptors
34
These receptors respond to changes in temperature
Thermoreceptors
35
Blood carries oxygen to the tissues of the body; move,net of urea to the kidneys; movement of carbon dioxide from respiring tissue to the lungs
Transportation of blood
36
Formed elements help destroy pathogens; globulins sequester and contribute to the elimination of infectious agents
Protection of blood
37
Bicarbonate buffers acids and bases
Regulation of blood
38
Transport respiratory gases
Erythrocyte
39
Includes B- and T- cell subpopulations; destroy cancerous and virally infected cells
Lymphocyte
40
Produce histamine and heparine; initiate the inflammatory response
Basophil
41
Increase in number during parasitic infections
Eosinophil
42
Differentiate into tissue macrophages
Monocyte
43
Undamaged blood vessels; prostacyclin (blood clotting prevention)
Platelet repulsion
44
Thrombin at normal blood flow rates (blood clotting prevention)
Dilution
45
Deactivate thrombin; interfere with the formation of prothrombin activator; block the action of thrombin on fibrinogen; promote the action of antithrombin (blood clotting prevention)
Anticoagulants
46
The cell fragments that area component of blood are
Platelets
47
What are the factors that produce vascular spasms?
Thrombroxanes, endothenlin
48
During erythropoiesis, the developing cell is referred to as a ____ during the final stage before becoming a fully mature erythrocyte.
Recticulocyte
49
The first stage of he stasis is ____ where the damaged blood vessels constricts suddenly.
Vascular spasm
50
The red pigmented protein in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide is called ____?
Hemoglobin
51
The coagulation common pathway ends with the formation of an insoluble ____ polymer that will serve as the framework for the clot.
Fibrin
52
What term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocyte sand antibodies?
Protection
53
The temperature of blood is about ___ than measured body temperature
1 degree C higher
54
The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of
Erythrocytes in the blood
55
Leukocytes are the ____ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have _____
Largest; prominent nuclei
56
How many globins ( protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecules?
4
57
The life span of an erythrocyte is about ____ days
120
58
Which is going to result in significant agglutination?
Donor is type AB, recipient type is B
59
The main functions of leukocytes is to
Defend against pathogens
60
Which are the least numerous of the leukocytes
Basophils
61
Unidirectional flow in the heart is ensured because the heart contains ___ that prevent back flow
Valves
62
In the right atrium, the auricle and anterior wall exhibit obvious muscular ridges called
Pectinate muscles
63
Development of the heart begins in the ____ week of embryonic development
Third
64
Oxygenated blood flows from the ____ _____ to the ____ ____ before being pumped into the systemic circulation
Left atrium ; left ventricle
65
If the right ventricle begins to pump an increased amount of blood, this soon arrives at the left ventricle, stretches it more than before, and causes it to increase its stroke volume and match that of the right. This is an example of what?
Preload
66
The right side of the heart pumps blood through vessels to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart through the ____ circulation
Pulmonary
67
When blood is flowing out of the left ventricle, the bicuspid valve is ___ and the aortic semilunar valve is _____
Closed ; open
68
The ____ is a low pitched sound caused by vibration of the atrioventricular valves and surrounding fluid as the valves close at the beginning of ventricular systole
First heart sound
69
Cell-to-cell junctions, called intercalated discs, contain distinct structural features called gap junctions and ___?
Desmosomes
70
The AV valves open to allow blood to enter the ventricles from the atria; the semilunar valves open to allow blood to flow into the large arteries; the AVA valves close to prevent back flow of blood into the atria.
Ventricular systole
71
What are the individual ion contributions to the resting membrane potential (RMP) of the SA node nodal cells?
Greater concentration of Na+ outside the cell
Calcium (Ca2+) gradient with more calcium outside the cell
Greater concentration of K+ inside the cell
72
SA nodal cells are unique in that they exhibit autorhymicity, meaning they are capable of depolarizing and firing an action potential spontaneously without any external influence. (T,F)
True
73
What are the ion channels associated with cardiac muscle cells?
Calcium pumps that concentrate more calcium outside the cell
Voltage-gated potassium channels
Fast voltage-gated sodium channels
Sodium/potassium pumps
74
What influences autonomic reflex activity from the cardiac center
Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Atrial stretch
75
Leukocytes are the most ____
Largest, prominent nuclei
76
Iron, lactic acid, and lipids are all considered to be nutrients in blood. (T,F)
True
77
The production of platelets is called _____
Thrombopoiesis
78
The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called ?
Hemopoiesis
79
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates the production of ?
Monocytes from monoblasts
80
What are the most numerous of the Leukocytes?
Neutrophils
81
Which are the least numerous of the leukocytes?
Basophils
82
The first phase of hemostasis involves ?
Blood vessel constriction
83
In many of the elderly, leukocytes appear to be?
Decreased in number and less efficient
84
What would cause a decrease in cardiac output?
An increase in afterload
85
The ______ cardiac vein travels alongside the right Martina, artery
Small
86
Large doses of certain stimulates can lead to dangerous increases in ?
Positive chronotropic agent
87
The property that allows the heart to initiate each heartbeat itself is called ___?
Autorhymicity
88
The atrioventricular (AV) node is located in the
Floor of the right atrium
89
Most of the calcium that triggers contraction of cardiac muscle comes
From the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the cell
90
The heart valves
Permit the passage of blood in one direction
91
Which feature permits the compression necessary to pump large volumes of blood ?
Arrangement of cardiac muscle in the heart wall
92
Deep to the inter-ventricular sulci is the thick muscular wall that divides the heart
Septum
93
A reduced number of leukocytes causes a serious disorder called
Leukopenia
