Exam 1 Flashcards
(24 cards)
Gastrin
STIMULATES secretion of HCl & Pepsinogen by gastric glands in the stomach
Increases gastric motility and emptying
Somatostatin
INHIBITS: stomach secretion, motility & emptying, pancreatic secretion, absorption in the small intestine, gall bladder contraction and bile release
(comes from stomach and duodenal mucosa)
Secretin
INHIBITS gastric secretion and motility
INCREASES output of water & bicarbonate from the pancreas
INCREASES bile output from the liver
(from duodenal mucosa *small intestine)
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
STIMULATES contraction of the gallbladder to expel bile
INCREASES output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice
(from duodenal mucosa)
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
INHIBITS gastric secretion & motility
from duodenal mucosa
Nutrient Transport
Fatty Acids –> Simple Diffusion
Water Molecules –> Osmosis
Fructose (& Glucose) –> Facilitated Diffusion
Amino Acids –> Active Transport (requires energy, uses ATP)
3 Monosaccharides
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Maltose
Glucose + Glucose
Acted on by maltase
Sucrose
Glucose + Fructose
Acted on by sucrase
Lactose
Glucose + Galactose
Acted on by lactase
Insulin
Stimulates glycogen production (glycogenesis)
Inhibits glycogenolysis
Stimulates uptakeand storage of glucose
Epinephrine
Inhibits glycogen
Increases glycogenolysis
Glut 1
Glut 2
Glut 3
Glut 5
1: Widely distributed in fetal tissues, in adults highly expressed in erythrocytes and endothelial cells of blood brain barrier
2: High expression in pancreas, intestine, kidney & liver
3: Highly expressed in brain
5: Highly specificity for fructose, mainly in intestinal cell
Glut 4
Expressed in adipose tissue & muscles
Regulated by insulin
Glucagon
Stimulates liver to synthesize new glucose molecules by gluconeogenesis
Growth Hormone
Increases blood glucose by inhibiting glucose uptake by cells
Promotes glycogenolysis in muscle tissue
Corticosteroids
Increase blood glucose by inducing gluconeogenesis in liver
Inhibits glucose uptake in muscle and fat cells
Stimulate glucagon secretion
VLDLs
Transport lipids out of liver to body cells (similar to chylomicrons)
(high proportion of triglycerides)
Broken down by lipoprotein lipase so that IDLs remain
LDLs
Contain less triglyceride and more cholesterol
Highest proportion of cholesterol
Used to transport into cells
HDLs
Return lipid/cholesterol to liver for disposal or to organs that require cholesterol
(High protein content)
Carries cholesterol back to liver
Chylomicrons
Largest lipoproteins, greatest proportion of triglycerides
Brush Border Enzymes
Maltase
Sucrase
Lactase
Kwashiorkor
Pure protein deficiency
Protein deficiency in the presence of adequate energy
Typically a disease in children
Stunted growth, poor immunity, bloated belly due to fat accumulating in liver (not enough protein to transport it to other tissues)
Fluid accumulated in abdomen (not enough protein in the blood to keep water from diffusing out of blood vessels)
Marasmus
Deficiency of energy, protein and other nutrients are usually also insufficient
Appear emaciated, body fat stores have been used to provide energy
Form of malnutrition that can occur with eating disorders
