Exam 1 Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
What are the primary GI microflora in rabbits?
A
Gram+ Bacillus
Bacteriodes
2
Q
What is the main VFA produced by rabbits?
A
Acetic acid
3
Q
What % of GI content is normally in the cecum?
A
40%
4
Q
What is the function of the vermiform appendix in rabbits?
A
Secrete bicarb to buffer cecal acids
Secrete water to form cecal paste
5
Q
What are the normal flora in the cecum and colon of rabbits?
A
Bacillus
Bacteriodes
E. coli
Protozoa
Yeast
Clostridium
6
Q
What part of the colon contains longitudinal folds and goblet cells?
A
3rd section (fusus coli)
7
Q
What makes up cecotrophs?
A
Microorganisms
Amino acids
VFAs
Vitamins
8
Q
What special property of cecotrophs allows the protein and vitamins to be absorbed in the small intestine?
A
Has a gelatinous coating that protects it
9
Q
Tx for gut stasis in rabbits?
A
Reglan/cisapride
Probiotics
Vitamin B
Oxbow critical care diet
Simethicone for gas
Abx for diarrhea
Abdominal massage
Fluids
10
Q
What is the best antibiotic to use in rabbits?
A
Baytril
11
Q
What is the most common cause of respiratory disease in adult rabbits?
A
Pasteurella
12
Q
Clinical signs of Pasteurella in rabbits?
A
Otitis
Pleuropneumonia
Bacteremia
Abscesses
13
Q
What is an early sign of Pasteurella infection in rabbits?
A
Forepaws matted and yellow-gray
(from nasal discharge)
14
Q
What causes fibrinous pneumonia and otitis media in rabbits?
A
Staph aureus and albus
15
Q
What is the most likely cause of conjunctivitis in rabbits?
A
Moraxella catarrhalis
16
Q
What disease is associated with civets (bred as exotic meat in China)?
A
SARS
17
Q
What disease is associated wtih Gambian giant rats and prarie dogs?
A
Human monkey pox
18
Q
What reptiles should you recommend to new pet owners?
A
Bearded dragons
Small colubrids (corn snakes, garter snakes)
19
Q
What small mammals would you recommend to a new pet owner?
A
Ferrets
Rabbits
Guinea pigs
20
Q
What birds would you recommend to new pet owners?
A
Finches
Canaries
Cockatiels
21
Q
T/F: Vaccine reactions are very common in ferrets
A
True
22
Q
Which vaccines are given to ferrets?
A
Distemper
Rabies
23
Q
What is a drawback of putting medication in the water?
A
Dilution
24
Q
What is a side effect of baytril in rabbits?
A
Skin sloughing
25
What area would you use for an IM injection in rabbits?
Lumbar
26
What type of bacteria are part of a rabbit's intestinal flora?
G+
Anaerobes
27
What are side effects of using G+ anitbiotics in rabbits?
Dysbiosis in the gut
Diarrhea
Inappetance
28
What antibiotics are good to use in rabbits?
Quinolones
Sulfonamides
Chloramphenicol
Metronidazole
Azithromycin
Penicillin (injectable only)
29
What are the bad antibiotics to use in rabbits?
Penicillin (oral)
Lincomycin (mycins)
Amoxicillin, Clavamox, Ampicillin
Cephalosporins, Clindamycin
Erythromycin
30
What opioids are most commonly used?
Buprenorphine
Butorphanol
31
What small animals get hypertension from opioids? Hypotension?
Hyper = rabbits and mice
Hypo = ferrets and rats
32
What species is very sensitive to corticosteroids?
Rabbits
33
How much blood can you draw at one time in a ferret?
\<10% blood volume
BV = 50-60 ml/kg
34
What artery is preferred when drawing blood on a rabbit?
Central ear artery
35
When drawing blood from small rodents, what do you replace the blood volume with?
0/9% NaCl
36
How much volume can you give for an IP injection in a mouse? Rat?
Mouse = \<0.5ml
Rat = \<2ml
37
What is the unique leukocyte found in guinea pigs?
Kurloff cell
38
What is thought to be the role of Kurloff cells in guinea pigs?
Create a physiological barriewr between fetus/mother
39
What virus causes diarrhea in ferrets?
Corona virus
ECE (epizootic catarrhal enteritis)
40
Green slime diarrhea in ferrets = ?
ECE
41
What ferret disease resembles FIP?
Ferret systemic coronavirus
42
DDx for mucoid stool in ferrets?
Parasites (coccidia)
Helicobacter
Campylobacter
Viral (if new additions to the group)
43
DDx for melena in ferrets?
FB
Hairball
Ulcers
44
What is the only species susceptible to human influenza?
Ferrets
45
What organisms cause pneumonia in ferrets?
Bordetella
Pasteurella
46
T/F: Canine distemper is fatal in ferrets
True
47
What should always be a differential for nasal discharge in ferrets?
Dental disease
48
What do female ferrets develop if they are intact and not bred?
Estrogen toxicity and bone marrow suppression
49
Prostatic disease in ferrets is often secondary to what?
Adrenal disease
50
T/F: Mast cell tumors and basal cell tumors are common in the skin of ferrets and typically metastasize
False
Don't typically metastasize
51
T/F: Fibrosarcomas and sebacdous gland adenomas in ferrets metastasize
True
52
What is the most common cause of otitis media/interna in ferrets?
Pasteurella
53
How does ferret adrenal disease differ from other animals?
They do not have PU/PD
54
Why is there no PU/PD in ferrets with adrenal disease?
There is hypersecretion of sex hormones instead of cortisol, therefore its not cushings
55
How do you diagnose adrenal disease in ferrets?
Serum steroid hormone concentrations
56
If a ferret has a BG \<70, what do you think?
Insulinoma
57
Tx for insulinoma in ferrets?
Prednisone
58
What causes Aleutian disease in ferrets?
Dormant parvovirus until times of stress
59
T/F: Ferrets can't give Aleutian disease to mink
True
60
CS associated with Aleutian disease?
Chronic wasting manifestation
61
Dx Aleutian disease in ferrets?
Hypergamaglobulinemia (\>20% of total protein)
62
Normal HR in ferrets?
180-230 BPM
63
What is the most common cardiac disease in ferrets?
DCM
64
What are the primary causes of ferret splenomegaly?
Lymphoma
Splenic neoplasia
ADV
65
What are the secondary causes of ferret splenomegaly?
Insulinoma
Adrenal disease
Cardiac disease
Dental disease
66
What is it called when there is excessive destruction of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and/or platelets?
Hypersplenism
67
What crystals are abundant in rabbit urine?
Triple phosphate
Calcium carbonate
68
What species has a duplex uterus?
Rabbits
69
What is the most common cancer in rabbits?
Uterine adenocarcinoma
70
What other organ do you want to radiograph in a rabbit with uterine adenocarcinoma?
Lungs
71
What type of hay should you avoid in rabbits to prevent urinary tract calculi? Which hay is better?
Avoid Alfalfa
Timothy is better
72
What is the causative agent of rabbit syphilis?
Treponema cuniculi
73
How is rabbit syphilis transmitted?
From doe to kit during parturition
74
Scabs on the nose and vent of a rabbit = ?
Rabbit syphilis
75
Tx for rabbit syphilis?
Long acting penicillin
76
Acetone odor breath in rabbits = ?
Pregnancy toxemia
77
Prevention of pregnancy toxemia in rabbits?
Do not allow breeding rabbits to become obese
78
CS associated with psoroptes cuniculi in rabbits?
Otitis externa
Crusty exudate
Head tilt
79
Rabbit with crusty, pruritic dermatitis of face, nose, lips, and external genitalia. Whats going on?
Sarcoptes scabiei
80
Rabbit has swellings arounf eyes and ear base. What is it?
Myxomatosis
81
Cause of rabbit hemorrhagic disease?
Calicivirus
82
CS of Rabbit calicivirus?
Fever
Hemorrhages
Coma in 24-48 hours
83
Massive liver necrosis is associated with what disease in rabbits?
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (calici)
84
What species requires vitamin C supplementation?
Guinea pigs
85
Why should you not house guinea pigs with rabbits?
Rabbits can give guinea pigs bordetella which is fatal
86
What animals is dystocia an issue in?
Older guinea pigs or those not bred before 8 months of age
87
What is the most important CS associated with cystic ovaries in guinea pigs?
Alopecia
88
CS of Trixicarus caviae in guinea pigs?
Intense pruritis
Seizure
89
Poor coat quality in guinea pigs is associated with what?
Gyropus ovalie or Gliricola porcelli
| (Lice)
90
Etiology of cervical lymphadenitis aka "lumps" in guinea pigs?
Strep zooepidemicus
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
91
What is the most common cutaneous tumor in guinea pigs?
Trichofolliculoma
92
What can cause choke in chinchillas?
Raisins, nuts, fruits
Bedding
Placentas
93
Where does a Listeria infection in chinchillas come from?
Feeding silage or moldy hay
94
How would a chinchilla become infected with Baylisascaris?
Eating hay contaminated with raccoon feces
95
T/F: Hedgehogs have a very large cecum
False
They have no cecum
96
What large animal disease can hedgehogs get?
Foot and mouth disease
97
T/F: Hedgehogs can get herpes from humans
True
Its fatal
98
What is the common location for a hedgehog to get a neoplasia?
Around the mouth area
99
What is the average age that hedgehogs get wobbly hedgehog syndrome?
2-3 years
100
What is it called when a praitie dog has respiratory signs triggered by dentition issues?
Odontoma
101
CS of odontoma in prairie dogs?
Dyspnea
Open mouth breathing
102
Indications for castrating sugar gliders?
Population control
Self-mutilation of genitalia
Prevent bald scent gland from appearing on head at maturity
103
What causes bloody nose syndrome in macaques?
Moraxella catarrhalis
104
What species do you need to be careful with when doing a tail hold?
Gerbils
Rats
105
What species can you use the facial vein to collect blood?
Mice
Rats
106
What is the most commonly encountered side effect of oral drug administration in small rodents?
Aspiration pneumonia
107
If a male moust is unable to urinate, what should you check?
Preputial abscesses
Examine genitalia for damage due to fighting with other males
108
What tapeworms do rodents get?
Dwarf tape worm
Cat tape worm
109
What infectious agents are usually the cause of rectal prolapse in rodents?
Pinworms
Citrobacter rodentium
Helicobacter
110
What can happen if you feed gerbils a mouse diet?
Develop dental disease, obesity, and diabetes
111
What is the cause of "wet tail" in hamsters?
Lawsonia intracellularis
112
What causes Tyzzer's disease in gerbils, hamsters, and mice?
Clostridium piliforme
113
CS of Tyzzer's disease?
Dehydration
Unkempt
Diarrhea
Death due to severe hepatic necrosis
114
What are some predetermining factors for a rodent getting Tyzzers?
Over crowding
Poor sanitation
Over heating
Parasites
Poor diet
115
What is the function of the Steno's gland in rats?
Watery secretion at the nose to humidify inspired air and regulate mucous viscosity
116
What causes red tears in rodents?
Porphyrins
Harderian gland located behind the eye
117
Why are ammonia levels in rodent cages so important?
If the levels get too high it can cause respiratory disease
118
What infection can manifest as a chronic respiratory disease as well as in the genital tract?
Mycoplasmosis
Very difficult to get rid of
119
What virus can exacerbate M. pulmonis infection in rats, mice and hamsters?
Sendai virus (paramyxovirus)
120
How does Corynebacterium manifest in rats and mice?
Rats = respiratory
Mice = systemic
121
What virus can affect salivary glands, LN, and cause KCS?
Sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV)
122
What are the most common mammary tumors in rats and mice?
Fibroadenomas (80-90%)
Adenocarcinomas (10-20%)
123
Do mammary tumors in rats and mice tend to be benign or malignant?
Mice = malignant
Rats = benign
124
What is a common cause of death in aged male rats?
Rat urologic syndrome
125
What is the difference between a mouse and rat spay?
No ligation necessary in mice
126
What causes barbering in mice?
Dominant female mouse nibbles off whiskers and hair of subservient cage mates
127
What causes facial eczema or "sore nose" in gerbils?
Increase in harderian gland secretions which is irritating to the skin
128
What is a good way to prevent facial eczema or "sore nose"?
Keep the humidity low
129
What causes gerbile seizure disorder? How old are they?
Sudden stress, handling, new environment, noise
2-6 months old
