Exam 1 Flashcards

(140 cards)

1
Q

Functions of the blood

A

Transport oxygen and nutrients for cell metabolism
Removal of cellular waste
Maintains homeostasis

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2
Q

Tunica intima

A

Endothelial layer (inner layer)

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3
Q

Tunica media

A

Layer of smooth muscle that controls the diameter of the blood vessel (middle layer)

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4
Q

Tunica Adventita

A

Outer CT layer and contains elastic and collagen fibers

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5
Q

Vasa Vasorum

A

Tiny blood vessels that supply blood to thewalls of arteries and veins

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6
Q

pH of blood

A

7.35-.45

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7
Q

How many liters of blood does the adult body contain

A

5

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8
Q

Hematocrit

A

Proportion of cells in blood (indicates viscosity)

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9
Q

Plasma

A

Clear yellowish fluid remaining after cells have been removed

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10
Q

Serum

A

Fluid and solutes remaining after cells and fibrinogen have been removed

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11
Q

Where do blood cells originate?

A

Red bone marrow

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12
Q

Dyscrasia

A

Disorders involving cellular components of blood

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13
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Biconcave, flexible discs that are non-nucleated when mature and contain hemoglobin

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14
Q

Erythropoietin

A

A hormone originating from kidneys that stimulate production of erythrocytes in red bone marrow in response to hypoxia

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15
Q

Hemoglobin consists of

A

Globin, two pairs of amino acid chains, four heme groups which contain iron atoms which oxygen can attach

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16
Q

Oxyhemglobin

A

Bright red; oxygenated

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17
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

Dark or bluish red color and is found in venous blood

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18
Q

5 types of WBCs

A
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils 
Basophils 
Eosinophils 
Monocytes
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19
Q

Lymphocytes

A

B and T lympocytes significant in the immune response

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20
Q

Neutrophils

A

Most common leukocytes. First response to any tissue damage and commence phagocytosis. Increase in numbers during bacterial infection

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21
Q

Basophils

A

Migrate from blood and enter tissue to become mast cells that can release histamine and heparin

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22
Q

Eosinophils

A

Combat the effects of histamine. Increased during allergic reactions and parasitic infections

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23
Q

Monocytes

A

Can enter tissue to become macrophages, which act as phagocytes when tissue damage occur

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24
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Also known as platelets

Not cells; small, irregularly shaped, non-nucleated fragments from large megakayocytes

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25
Heparin
An anticoagulant that is released from basophils (or mast cells) in the tissues and exerts its major action by blocking thrombin. It does not dissolve clots, but will prevent further growth of the thrombus
26
O blood
No antigens | Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies
27
A blood
A antigens | Anti-B antibodies
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B blood
B antigens | Anti-A antibodies
29
AB Blood
A and B antigens | No antibodies
30
Complete blood count (CBC)
Total red blood cells, white blood cells,and platelets
31
Leukocytosis
Increased WBCs | Associated with infection and inflammation
32
Leukopenia
Decreased WBCs | Associated with some viral infections, radiation, chemotherapy
33
Increased eosinophils
Common in allergic response
34
Reticulocyte count
Assessment of bone marrow function
35
Prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time
Measures function of various factors in coagulation process
36
Underlying cause of anemias
Reduction in oxygen transport in the blood due to a decrease in hemoglobin content
37
Signs and symptoms of anemia
Fatigue, pallor, dyspnea, tachycardia, and high blood pressure
38
Causes of iron deficiency anemia
Dietary intake of iron below minimum requirement Chronic blood loss Impaired duodenal absorption of iron Severe liver disease
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Iron deficiency anemia most common in...
women of childbearing age and pregnant women
40
Pernicious Anemia
Lack of absorption of vitamin b12 because of lack of intrinsic factor (secreted by gastric mucosa and required for intenstinal absorption of b12)
41
Pernicious Anemia characterized by
Very large, immature nucleated erythrocytes that carry less hemoglobin and have a shorter lifespan
42
s/s of pernicious anemia
Tongue is enlarged, red, sore, and shiny Digestive discomfort, often with nausea and diarrhea Feeling of pins, needles, and tingling in limbs
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Hemolytic anemia
Excessive destruction of RBCs, or hemolysis leading to low erythorcyte count and low hemoglobin
44
Pathology of sickle cell
It occurs whenever oxygen levels are lowered. The altered hemoglobin is unstable and changes shape in hypoxemia. Sickle-cell shaped cells are too large to pass through the microcirculation and leads to multiple infarctions and areas of necrosis
45
Thalassemia
Genetic defect in which one or more genes for hemoglobin are missing or variant. This interferes with the production of globin chains, and the amount of hemoglobin synthesized and the number of RBCs is reduced
46
Two forms of thalassemia
Thalassemia Beta (autosomal dominant) and Thalassemia Alpha
47
Signs and Symptoms of Thalassemia
Child's growth and development are impaired directly by the hypoxia and indirectly by fatigue and inactivity Hyperactivity in the bone marrow leads to invasion of bone and impairs normal skeletal development Heart failure develops as a result of the compensation mechanism increasing cardiac work load
48
Treatment for thalassemia
Blood transfusions Iron chelation Folate supplement
49
Pathology of hemophilia A
Deficit or abnormality of factor X-linked recessive trait Manifested in men, carried by women
50
S/S of hemophilia A
Prolonged bleeding after minor tissue trauma Spontaneous bleeding into joints Blood in feces
51
Diagnostic tests for hemophilia A
Bleeding time and PT normal PTT, activated (PTT), coagulation time prolonged Serum levels of factor VII are low
52
S/S of VonWillebrand Disease
``` Skin rashes Frequent nose bleeds Easy bruising Bleeding of gums Abnormal menstrual bleeding ```
53
Most common inherited clotting disorder
Hemophilia A
54
Most common hereditary clotting disorder
Von Willebrand
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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Involves both excessive bleeding and clotting Excessive clotting in circulation Clotting factors are reduced to a dangerous level and widespread uncontrollable hemorrhage results
56
Complications of disseminated intravascular coagulation
Obstetrical complications (abruptio placentae) Infections Carcinomas Major trauma
57
Myelodisplastic syndrome
Diseases that involve inadequate production of cells by the bone marrow
58
Primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera)
Increased marrow production of erythrocytes and other cells in the bone marrow Serum erythropoietin levels are low
59
Secondary polycythemia (erythrocytosis)
Increase in RBCs in response to prolonged hypoxia Increased erythropoietin secretion Compensation mechanism to provide increased oxygen support
60
Acute lympocytic leukemia (ALL)
Malignant cell - B lymphocytes | Age group - Young children
61
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
Malignant cell - granulocytic stem cells | Age group - Adults
62
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Malignant cell - B lymphocytes | Age group - Adults greater than 50 degrees
63
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
Malignant cell - granulocytic stem cells | Age group - adults 3-50
64
Acute monocytic leukemia
Malignant cell - monocytes | Age group - adults
65
Hairy cell leukemia
Malignant cell - B lymphocytes | Age group - males greater than 50 years
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Acute leukemias
High proportion of immature nonfucntional cells in bone marrow and peripheral circulation Onset usually abrupt Occurs in children and young adults
67
Chronic leukemias
Higher proportion of mature cells Insidious onset Common in older adults
68
Function of the lymphatic system
Returns excess interstitial fluid and protein to the blood Filters and destroys unwanted material from body fluids Initiates immune response (lymph nodes) by sensitizing B and T lymphocytes
69
Parts of lymphatic system
``` Lymphatic vessels (capillaries, branches, trunks, ducts, subclavian vein) Lympohid tissue (palantine and pharyngeal tonsils, spleen, and thymus gland) ```
70
Palatine and pharyngeal tonsils
Protection against bacterial infection in opening between nasal and oral cavities First line of defense from external organisms
71
Functions of spleen
Defense Hematopoiesis RBC and platelet destruction Reservoir for blood
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Function of thymus gland
Final site of lymphocyte development before birth | Secretes hormones after birth to enable lymphocytes to develop into mature T cells
73
Vessels from R upper quadrant empty where
Into R lymphatic duct and returns lymph to general circulation via R subclavian vein
74
Most vessels in lymph system empty where
Into the thoracic duct in upper abdomen and thoracic cavity which drains into L subclavian vein
75
Multiple myeloma
Neoplastic disease of unknown etiology occurring in older adults involving the plasma cells (mature B lymphocytes)
76
Castleman Disease
Rare illness involving the overgrowth of lymphoid tissue
77
Parietal pericardium
Outer fibrous pericardium that anchors the heart to the diaphragm
78
Epicardium
Serous membrane that provides small amount of lubricating fluid within the pericardial cavity between the two pericardial membranes
79
Myocardium
Middle layer of the heart. Composed of specialized cardiac muscle cells that contract rhythmically and forcefully to pump blood throughout the organs.
80
Endocardium
Inner layer of the heart. Forms the four heart valves that separate the chambers of the heart and ensure one way flow of blood
81
Atrioventricular valves
R side (tricuspid) and L side (mitral or bicuspid)
82
Semilunar valves
aortic and pulmonary
83
Intercalated discs
Contain desmosomes which prevent muscle cells from separating during contraction
84
Gap junctions
Permit ions to pass from cell to cell to facilitate rapid transmission of impulses
85
SA Node
Usually initiates impulses (pacemaker of heart) | Location in wall of R atrium
86
Sinus Rhythm
Basic rate of impulses generated by SA node (70 bpm) | Can be altered by ANS fibers and circulating homrones
87
AV Node
Location in floor of R atrium | Only anatomical connection between the atrial and ventrical portions of the conduction system
88
P wave
Depolarization of atria
89
QRS wave
Depolarization of ventricles, Wave masks effect of atrial repolarization
90
T wave
Repolarization of ventricles (recovery phase)
91
Baroreceptors
Detect changes in BP, the cardiac center then responds through stimulation of SNS or PNS to alter rate/force of cardiac contractions Located in aorta or internal carotid arteries
92
Sympathetic stimulation
Cardiac accelerator nerve Increases HR (tachycardia) and contractility Beta adrenergic receptors
93
Purpose of beta blockers
Block the increase in rate/force of contractions after heart has been damaged
94
Parasmypathetic stimulation
``` Vagus nerve Decreases HR (bradycardia) ```
95
Left anterior descending artery
Follows anterior interventricular sulcus downward over the surface of the heart. Supplies anterior wall of ventricles, anterior septum, and bundle branches
96
Left circumflex artery
Circles the exterior of the heart in L atrioventricular sulcus Supplies L atrium and lateral/posterior walls of L ventricle
97
Right coronary artery
follows R AV sulcus on posterior surface of the heart. Supplies the R side of the heart and inferior portion of L ventricle and posterior interventricular septum. Also supplies SA and AV node
98
Diastole
Relaxation of myocardium required for filling chambers
99
Systole
Contraction of myocardium provides increase in pressure to eject blood
100
Lubb
Closure of AV valves at beginning of ventricular systole
101
Dubb
Closure of semilunar valves with ventricular diastole
102
Cardiac output
Blood ejected by a ventricle in 1 minute
103
Equation for cardiac output
CO=SVxHR
104
Stroke volume
volume of blood pumped out of 1 ventricle in 1 contraction
105
Preload
Mechanical state of heart at end of diastole with ventricles at their maximum volume
106
Afterload
Force required to ejected blood from ventricles. Determined by peripheral resistance to opening of the semilunar valves to arteries
107
Pulse pressure
difference between systolic & diastolic pressure
108
Peripheral resistance
Force opposing blood flow or amount of friction with the vessel walls encountered by the blood
109
Increases SNS output
Vasoconstriction and increased BP
110
Decreases SNS output
Vasodilation and decreased BP
111
Antidiuretic hormone
Increased BP
112
Aldosterone
Increased blood volume and blood pressure
113
Renin-angiotensin aldosterone
Vasoconstriction and increased BP
114
Low density lipoprotein
Transports chloesterol from liver to cells
115
High density lipoprotein
Transports cholesterol from cells to liver
116
Bradycardia
regular, but slow HR (less than 60 bpm) | Affected by vagal nerve or parasympathetic NS
117
Tachycardia
Regular rapid HR (100-160) | Normal response to sympathetic NS
118
Sick sinus syndrome
Marked by altering bradycardia and tachycardia
119
Premature atrial contractions or beat
``` Extra contraction (ectopic beats) Arise from a focus of irritable atrial muscle cells outside the conduction pathway (interfere with timing of next beat) ```
120
Atrial flutter
Atrial HR of 160 to 350 bpm | AV node delays conduction - ventricular rate slower
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Atrial fibrillation
Rate over 350 BPM Causes pooling of blood in atria Thrombus formation is a risk
122
Heart blocks
Conduction excessively delayed or stopped at AV node of bundle of His
123
First degree block
Conduction delay between atrial and ventricular contractions (PR interval)
124
Second degree block
Every second to third atrial beat dropped at AV node | Longer delay leads to missed ventricular contraction
125
Third degree block
No transmission from atria to ventricles | Ventricles contract spontaneously at a slower rate (30-40 bpm) totally independent of atrial contraction
126
Bundle branch block
Interference with conduction in one of the bundle branches | Does not alter CO, but does show a wide QRS complex
127
Ventricular tachycardia
Reduce cardiac output as reduce diastole occurs
128
Ventricular fibrillation
Muscle fibers contract independently and rapidly | Cardiac standstill occurs if not treated immediately
129
Premature ventricular contractions
Additional beats from ventricular muscle or ectopic pacemaker May lead to ventricullar fibrillation
130
L ventricle affected first (with CHF) when..
MI in L ventricle or essential HTN
131
R ventricle affected first (with CHF) when...
Pulmonary valve stenosis or pulmonary disease
132
Valvular defects
Interfere with normal flow of blood
133
Septal defects
Allow for mixing oxygenated blood with unoxygenated blood
134
L to R shunt
Blood from L side of heart recycled tot he right side and to the lungs Results in increased blood volume in pulmonary circulation, a decreased CO, and inefficient system
135
R to L shunt
Unoxygenated blood from R side bypasses the lungs and enters the left side of the heart
136
Ventricular septal defect
Opening in the interventricular septum Pressure usually higher in L therefore L to R shunt Acyanotic condition unless respiratory condition increases pressure in R ventricle
137
Tetralogy of Fallot includes
Pulmonary valve stenosis VSD Detroposition of the aorta (to right over the VSD) Right ventricular hypertrophy
138
Most common sites for PVD
Areas of bifurcation (abdominal aorta, carotid arteries, femoral and iliac arteries)
139
Thrombophlebitis
Development of a thrombus in an inflamed vein
140
Phlebothrombosis
Thrombus forms spontaneously without prior inflammation