Exam 1 Flashcards by Micci Levy

What is the year of the first known testing

2200 BC

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Who did China first test

public officials

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Who created the normal distribution

Gauss

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What happened during the 1700-1800

normal distribution was created
Civil service examination was given in the US
intellectual disability and psychosis were classified
Free association tests were developed

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What were the 6 tests developed in the 1900

Binet-simon scale
Army Alpha and Beta test
Woodworth Personality test and MMPI
Rorschach inkblot
college admission
Wechsler intelligence scale

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Device or procedure in which a sample of an individual’s behavior is obtained, evaluated, and scored using standard procedures.

Test

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A set of rules for assigning numbers to represent objects, traits, attributes, or behaviors

Measurement

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Systematic procedure for collecting information that can be used to make inferences about the characteristics of people or objects

Assessment

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Test designed to assess the upper limits of an examinee’s ability and knowledge

Maximum performance tests

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Examples of maximum performance tests

SAT, job performance, Exams

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Test that attempts to measure the typical behavior and characteristics of examinees

Typical response test

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Types of typical response tests

personality tests, test about attitudes towards somthing

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What are the two types of scoring

Norm-referenced scoring and Criterion-referenced scoring

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Type of scoring where an examinee’s performance is compared to the performance of other people

Norm referenced scoring

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A type of scoring where an examinee’s performance is compared to a specific level of performance

Criterion-referenced scoring

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What influences norm-referenced scoring

scores of other people on the test

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What influences criterion-referenced tests

the test itself

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What are the 10 assumptions

Psychological constructs exist
Constructs can be measured
Measurement isn’t perfect
A construct can be measured in different ways
All assessments have strengths and weaknesses
Always try to triangulate
Performance on a test can be generalized to other behaviors
Assessments can help people make decisions
Can be conducted in a “fair” manner
Can benefit individuals and society

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What are the applications of psychological assessment

Diagnosis
Treatment planning and effectiveness
Selection, placement, and classification
Self-understanding
Evaluation &amp; program evaluation
licensing
Scientific method

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Categories with no numeric scales

Nominal

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Rank ordering, intervals between items not known

Ordinal

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Numeric properties are literal with equal intervals between values, no zero

Interval

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Real values, has a zero

Ratio

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Skew that points to the right

positive skew

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Skew that points to the left

Negative skew

Part of distribution that most scores tend to concentrate around

Central tendency

The average of the distribution

Mean

The middle score in the distribution

median

The score that appears with the most frequency

mode

Average deviation of scores from the mean

Standard deviation

The mean of the sum of squared deviation of scores from the group mean

Variance

The difference between the highest and lowest scores

Range

The relationship between two variables

correlations

Variables that are outside of our measurement that influence the relationship between the variables of interest

third variable

Quantitative measure of the linear relationship between two variables

Correlation Coefficient

The amount of variance shared between two variables

Coefficient of determination

What is the rage of coefficient of determination

o to 1

What correlation coefficient is used with intervals and ratios

Pearson product moment

What correlation coefficient is used with ordinal scales

Spearman's rank corelation

What correlation coefficient is used with one dichotomous scale or one interval/ratio scale

Point-based correlation coefficient

Predicting one variable given the information on another variable

Linear regression

What is the equation for linear regression

Y=a+bX

The likelihood of error in a prediction

Standard error of estimate

A range of scores that a participants is likely to fall in, given a certain degree of confidence

Confidence interval

Who was the first country to use testing

China

The 8 factors in developing tests

Develop specific assessment objectives Develop procedures that are appropriate for the construct Develop explicit scoring criteria Specify a sampling plan for collecting data Develop test administration guidelines Plan accommodations for those with special needs Review the assessment prior to administration Evaluate the psychometric properties of assessments

7 things selected assessments should do

Tap into the construct Produce reliable data that are representative of the target population be fair Match info found in the literature be appropriate for your qualifications and experience cannot be misinterpreted or misused be secure

What are the 6 components of assessment

Obtain informed consent/assent Administer assessment in a standardized manner modify assessments to meet the needs of examinees Maintain test security Make sure everything is scored properly and fair Keep everything confidential and anonymous

6 rules for interpreting/reporting results

Don't use the assessment for other purposes use multiple sources and types of assessment info Stay close to the data-minimize subjectivity Be aware of limitations of data Consider if the normative sample is different from the chosen sample Discuss results with examinees

Taking raw scores are transforming them in a systematic manner that places them on a scale that has a specific mean and standard deviation

Standard scores

Transformation in which the standard scores have the same distribution as the raw scores and maintain a direct relationship

Linear transformations

What are the four types of linear transformations

z-scores T-scores IQ scores CEEB scores

an abnormal distribution that is transformed into a normal distribution

Normalized standardized scores

3 types of nonlinear distribution

Stanine scores Wechsler scales scores Normal curves equivalent

A measure indicating an examinee's performance relative to the group performance

Percentile rank

Norm-referenced scores that identify the level achieved by the examinee

Grade equivalents

Theory/model of mental measurement that states that the responses to items on a test are accounted for by latent traits

Item response theory

An ability or characteristic that is thought to exist, but can't be assessed directly

Latent Traits

The consistency accuracy or stability of results

Reliability

Theory that states that every score on a mental test is composed of two components: the true score and the error score

Classical Test Theory

The score that would be obtained on a perfect measure with perfect comprehension of the examinee

True score

What is true score formula

X = T + E

What is the X in the true score formula

the observed score

What is T in the observed score formula

The true score

What is E in the true score formula

Error

What are the two types of error

Systematic and Random

The differences that result from the items on the test and all possible items that the test could be constructed from.

Content sampling error

Random fluctuations in performance from one time to another

Time sampling error

Administer same test to same group at 2 different times.

Test-retest

How is test retest administered

1 form in 2 sessions

Administer 2 forms of the test to same group in the same session

Alternate forms

How is alternate forms administered

2 forms and 1 session

Administer two forms of test to same group at two different sessions

Delayed administration

How is delayed administration administered

Two forms in two sessions

Administer test to group one time. Split test into 2 halves

Split half

How is split half administered

One form one session

Administer a test to group one time

Coefficient alpha

How is coefficient alpha administered

One form one session

Administer a test to a group one time. Two or more raters score test independently

Inter-rater

How is inter-rater administered

One form one session

Combining scores on several different test/subtests

Composite scores

Which is higher the reliability of the composite score or the reliability of the individual scores

The composite score

What are the four factors in determining that a coefficient is acceptable

The construct The time that is available to administer the test That uses of the test Method of estimating reliability

Standard deviation of the distribution of scores that would be obtained by one person if they were tested on an infinite number of parallel forms of a test comprised of items randomly sampled from the same content domain

Standard error of measurement

The appropriateness and accuracy of the interpretation a performance on a test

Validity

What are the two threats to validity

Construct underrepresentation | construct – irrelevant variance

What are the five types of validity evidence

Evidence based on test content Evidence based on relations to other variables Evidence based on internal structure Evidence based on response processes Evidence based on consequences of testing

A measure of validity that shows how well a specific item falls with in the content

Item relevance

Measure of validity that shows how well the test itself covers the domain

Content coverage

A measure of validity in which something appears to be valid not a true measure of validity

Face validity

Exam 1 Flashcards

(90 cards)