Exam 1

Question 1

In comparison, sociology focuses on _______, whereas psychology focuses on ___________.

Answer 1

1. Human Interaction

2. Behavior of Individual

Question 2

Rigid beliefs that are often untested or unfounded about a certain group of people are referred to as:

Answer 2

Sterotypes

Question 3

Common sense differs from sociology primarily because:

Answer 3

Sociology uses scientific research and Common sense relies on untested information

Question 4

Which of the following sociologist is most closely associated with the sociological imagination?

Answer 4

C. Wright Mills

Question 5

The discipline a social scientist is trained in plays a role in the question the social scientist asks. “How will high gas prices impact automobile sales in the near future?” would most likely be asked by a(n):

Answer 5

Economist

Question 6

The discipline of a social scientist is trained and plays a role in the questions the social scientist asks. “how do educational opportunities for women impact national infant mortality rates in Eastern European countries. Would most likely be asked by a(an):

Answer 6

Sociologist

Question 7

The difference between common sense and sociology is that:

Answer 7

Common sense refers to ideas that are taken for granted, while sociology tests beliefs in a scientific manner

Question 8

______ refers to the layering of individuals into social strata based on factor such as income, education, and occupation.

Answer 8

Stratification

Question 9

Psychologists are most likely to study:

Answer 9

Individual behavior and mental processes

Question 10

While psychologists would explain behavior by examining the personality traits of individuals, sociologists would examine:

Answer 10

The behavior and traits of certain group interaction

Question 11

Sociology is based on a few assumptions about the social world. Which of the following is not one of these assumptions?

Answer 11

Human behavior is determined by the supply of goods and services

Question 12

Prior to the 19th century, the primary influence on the way people viewed the world was based on:

Answer 12

Philosophy and Religion

Question 13

All of the following led to the rise of sociology except:

Answer 13

Widespread deaths in Europe from the Bubonic plague

Question 14

The first person to propose that the scientific method could be applied to the study of social life was:

Answer 14

Auguste Comte

Question 15

Ideas that form concepts regarding why and how facts relate to each other, and the connection between those facts are known as:

Answer 15

Theories

Question 16

Educated statements based on theories but not yet scientifically tested are known as:

Answer 16

Hypothesis

Question 17

The statement, “People who have more than 12 years of education and who own a personal computer are more likely to use online dating services than those who have less than 12 years of education and who do not own a personal computer” is a:

Answer 17

Hypothesis

Question 18

Determining exactly how to measure concepts is known as:

Answer 18

Operationalization

Question 19

A spurious relationship occurs between two variables when:

Answer 19

IV and DV change together due to effects of a third variable; not a causal relationship

Question 20

Studies that take place under laboratory conditions are:

Answer 20

Controlled

Question 21

The titles Karl Marx used to describe the two classes in society were the ______ and the _______.

Answer 21

1. Bourgeoisie

2. Proletariat

Question 22

Symbolic interaction theory states:

Answer 22

1. People interact on the basis of shared symbols to construct a meaningful world - which then serves as a basis for further interaction
2. Some emphasize agency, individuals; active role in constructing their social environments, or how their social positions shape their constructions

Question 23

Conflict theory states:

Answer 23

1. Inequalities in resources and power create conflict, which underlies all social relations
2. The powerful impose their values and beliefs on weaker groups
3. Change leading to greater equality is desirable

Question 24

Structural-functional perspective states:

Answer 24

1. Each part of society has a necessary function
2. Parts fit together into stable, orderly whole
3. Functions may be manifest (planned) or latent (unintended); some things may be dysfunctional

Question 25

One critique of symbolic interaction theory is that:

Answer 25

1. Neglects macro-structures

2. Difficult to study concepts like “mind” and “self”

Question 26

One critique that structural functionalism and conflict theory share is that they:

Answer 26

Both are difficult to test

Question 27

A manifest function of college is:

Answer 27

Planned.. so an example would be to obtain a bachelor degree in 4 years

Question 28

The knowledge, beliefs, values, rules or laws, language customs, symbols, and material artifacts constitute a society’s:

Answer 28

Culture

Question 29

A small, pre-modern society held together by common beliefs, values, and emotional ties is a(n) _________ society.

Answer 29

Mechanical

Question 30

A large, modern society with a complex division of labor is a(n) _________ society.

Answer 30

Organic

Question 31

Hunter-gatherer societies:

Answer 31

Live by hunting, gathering available goods. Nomadic, few material possessions. Small groups (20-50 members). Division of labor by gender and age. Focuses on well-being of whole group. Sharing of resources regulated by complex systems of obligations

Question 32

Characteristics of an agricultural society:

Answer 32

Raise crops for food, permanent settlement, population of up to a million, birth of feudal system, emergence of social classes and meso-level institutions

Question 33

Characteristics of an industrial society:

Answer 33

Rely on mechanized production, extensive division of labor based on expertise, an increased material wealth, high population in cities , kinship patterns change, social change more rapid.

Question 34

`All of the following are examples of material culture except the:

Answer 34

Nonmaterial culture - invisible or intangible aspects of a group’s cutler, including values, beliefs, norms, rules and language

Question 35

_________ are nonmaterial shared judgments about what is desirable or undesirable, right or wrong, or good or bad in a culture.

Answer 35

Values

Question 36

The lifelong process of learning to become a member of the social world is called:

Answer 36

Socialization

Question 37

Socialization takes place:

Answer 37

at the micro, meso, and macro level

Question 38

The basic building block of socialization through which a child becomes shaped into a human being, learns its culture, and becomes a member of a society is:

Answer 38

Interaction

Question 39

________ refers to the perceptions we have of who we are.

Answer 39

Self

Question 40

The statement, “Different levels of socializing agents operate to support each other” is most closely related to:

Answer 40

Structural Functionalism theory

Question 41

The statement, “Those who have power use socialization to manipulate others into supporting the power structure and interests of the elite” is most closely related to:

Answer 41

Conflict Theory

Question 42

Bob told his boss that he deserves a 40% raise because he helped the company get a big contract. When he finished speaking, Bob observed his boss frowning. Bob then said, “Even a 10% raise would be fine!” Bob offered to take a lower raise because he used Charles Horton Cooley’s:

Answer 42

The looking glass self

Question 43

Imagining oneself from the point of view of the other is called:

Answer 43

Role Taking

Question 44

According to George Herbert Mead, people who are very important to us and who we have sustained interactions with are known as:

Answer 44

Significant others

Question 45

Our social networks include:

Answer 45

Set of relationships between individuals, groups, or organizations

Question 46

________ govern social contexts to let us know what is the right and proper behavior in social interaction

Answer 46

Norms

Question 47

________ _________ is interaction using facial expressions, the head, eye contact, body posture, gestures, touch, walk, status symbols, and personal space

Answer 47

Nonverbal communication

Question 48

Cindy just changed her major from psychology to sociology and is trying to make friends in her sociology class. One day, Jack, a fellow sociology major, says, “psychology is only for people interested in studying rats.” Cindy laughs, even though she disagrees with him and did not think the joke was funny. According to dramaturgists, Cindy is performing _____ ________ behavior.

Answer 48

Front Stage

Question 49

According to Erving Goffman, which of the following theories would be most likely to argue that people take the underlying rules of interaction for granted?

Answer 49

Ethnomethodology

Question 50

After experiencing combat, many veterans experience internal disorder, conflict, and a sense of normlessness because of the chaos created by war. Emile Durkheim would say that they are feeling:

Answer 50

Anomie

Question 51

Most of the time, we engage in _____ _____ behavior, the behavior safest with casual acquaintances because it is scripted.

Answer 51

Front Stage

Question 52

____ refer to our social positions and ________ refer to the expectations associated with a social position

Answer 52

1. Statuses

2. Roles

Question 53

Which of the following is an ascribed status?

Answer 53

A status that is assigned at birth and does not change during an individual’s lifetime. (gender, ethnicity)

Question 54

Durkheim’s concept of anomie refers to a:

Answer 54

state of normlessness that occurs when the rules in behavior in society break down under extreme stress from rapid social change or conflict. (the group that lacks norms or rules)

Question 55

Which of the following is an achieved status?

Answer 55

A status that is chosen or earned by decisions one makes or by personal ability. (doctor, lawyer, dad)

Question 56

According to Durkheim, the key finding of his study on suicide is that suicide can be predicted by the:

Answer 56

Group that they are in (anomie, egoism, altruism)

Question 57

All of the following are problematic by-products of bureaucracies except:

Answer 57

Increased Efficiency

Question 58

The main purpose of a bureaucracy is to:

Answer 58

They are organization characterized by set relations between participants, clearly laid out procedures and rules, and pursuit of stated goals.

Question 59

After working at a local fast-food restaurant for two years, Chris becomes uninvolved and unconnected to his job. He finds his job boring and feels he will not be promoted to a better position. Chris is most likely experiencing:

Answer 59

Alienation

Question 60

The iron law of oligarchy states:

Answer 60

Concentration of power in a small group.