Exam 1 Flashcards

Question

enzymes released by the pancreas

Answer 1

bicarbonate neutralizes digesta, pancreatic amylase digests starch, pancreatic lipase digests fat, chemotrypsin trypsin and other proteases digest protein

Answer 2

bile is released into the small intestine directly from the liver, enables fat digestion and absorption

Answer 3

cells in the SI have enzymes for disaccharide enzymes, villi increase the surface area for absorption of vitamins and minerals

Answer 4

large blind sac, site of microbial digestion, volatile fatty acids are produced (Acetate, propionate and butyrate)

Answer 5

plant fiber-cellulose, undigested sugar, undigested proteins, synthesis of B and K vitamins, microbial protein synthesis is not used in the horse b/c it is too late in the tract

Answer 6

sacculated areas for microbes and fermentation, more absorption of VFAs, some water, minerals and vitamins occurs, has slow rate of passage to maximize absorption, site of impaction and gas colic

Answer 7

build up of gas in the intestine triggering a pain response, if large amounts of highly digestible feed reach the intestines at once, gas is produced faster than it can be removed

Answer 8

movement of contents in the digestive tract is stopped

Answer 9

main site of water absorption and fecal ball formation

Answer 10

fecal storage prior to defecation at the anus, 40-50 lbs of feces is voided 8-12 times a day

Answer 11

broken down to glucose in the small intestine,

Answer 12

broken down into dipeptides and amino acids in the small intestine

Answer 13

broken down into fatty acids and absorbed by the ileum

Answer 14

absorbed in the small intestine

Answer 15

absorbed in the small intestine fat-soluble-A, D, E, K water soluble- B vitamins

Answer 16

site of microbial fermentation, plant fiber is digested here, protein and starch escaping digestion in the SI are digested here,

Answer 17

necessary for life, replaces water loss to urine, feces, sweat

Answer 18

exercise may triple water consumption, lactation causes 50-80% increase in water requirement, high heat causes horses to drink more

Answer 19

clean and fresh, maintain a cool temperature, use heat in winter, drop in ambient temp will often cause horses to drink less

Answer 20

megacalories (Mcal), used for maintenance, work, growth, reproduction and lactation

Answer 21

soluble carbohydrates (sugars, starches) digested w/ amylase enzyme, structural carbohydrates (cellulose, hemicellulose) digested by microbes

Answer 22

additional energy source (oil, fats), 2.25 times the energy content compared to carbs, source of essential fatty acids (linoleic)

Answer 23

needed for muscle, bone, skin, hoof, hair, antibodies and enzymes, comprised of linked amino acids, essential amino acids must be supplied in diet, excess protein in diet is deaminated in the liver, measured as crude protein

Answer 24

major protein source in diet, foundation of diet, it is best to increase protein intake with the purchase of better hay

Answer 25

macromineral, major component of bones, teeth, plays a role in muscle function and is important to late gestational and lactating mares. found if forages (especially alfalfa)

Answer 26

macromineral, major component of bones and teeth, found in grains and wheat bran, interferes w/ Ca (ideal ratio Ca:P is 1.5-2:1)

Answer 27

macromineral, deficiency causes grass tetany

Answer 28

macromineral, required for hair and hoof growth, is a component of some amino acids

Answer 29

micromineral, important for oxygen transfer in blood

Answer 30

micromineral, used for blood cells, deficiency may contribute to growth disorders

Answer 31

micromineral, used for teeth and bones

Answer 32

micromineral, used for thyroid function, deficiency causes goiters and excess causes repro problems in mares

Answer 33

micromineral, important for muscle function and detoxification process, activity is associated with vitamin E, most esters states are Se deficient and some western states have excessive levels

Answer 34

micromineral, cofactor in enzymes, deficiency associated with joint problems in growing horses

Answer 35

micromineral. important for healthy skin, enzyme cofactor, less toxic than other trace minerals

Answer 36

fat soluble, stored in body fat, precursor is beta-carotene, present in forages, loses potency during long-term storage, important requirement to meet in growing horses, used for skin and eyes, can be toxic in excess

Answer 37

fat soluble, stored in body fat, precursor is cholecalciferol or ergocalciferol, present in forages, very important to bone health (associated w/ Ca utilization), excess can cause bone growth problems

Answer 38

fat souble, stored in body fat, pre-cursor is alpha tocopherol, present in forages and plant oils, used for muscle metabolism, antioxidant activity, nerve health and immune system, deficiency can lead to tying up

Answer 39

present in forages, synthesized in the hind gut, essential for blood clotting

Answer 40

water soluble, synthesized by tissues in horse from glucose, dietary sources are poorly absorbed, not stored in body fat (excess excreted)

Answer 41

most are abundant in fresh forages and synthesized by microbes, most do not require supplementation, not stored in body far, excess excreted

Answer 42

only B vitamin w/ clinically observable response to supplementation, may improve hoof quality if horse is deficient, hoof quality is also genetic

Answer 43

grow best over 70 F examples are bermudagrass, crabgrass, bahiagrass

Answer 44

grows best between 60-80 F examples are bluegrass, orchard grass, tall fescue (not for late gestation/lactating mares b/c of endophyte toxin) , timothy

Answer 45

dried forages (86-90% DM), made from the same grasses and legumes as pastures, cut periodically during warm months

Answer 46

square bales, round bales, cubes, pellets, feral hays, haylage

Answer 47

high in protein, high in Ca, may be too high in energy for mature horses at maintenance

Answer 48

ofter sufficient without legumes, stage of maturity and plant species important to determine energy content, frequently marked as "horse hay"

Answer 49

some combination and grass and legume, composition varies with cutting, 1st cutting tends to be high in grass and subsequent cuttings get richer with legumes, good Ca:P ratio

Answer 50

unharvested grain with straws, usually lower quality than grass or legumes, can be fed in combo with legumes to inc. fiber intake and dec energy content of the diet

Answer 51

maturity (seed heads, soft or woody, dusty), how its processed, bale type, ease of storage, cost, cost compared to adding concentrates to diet

Answer 52

as palatability dec, waste inc. as maturity inc. waste inc. as dryness inc. leaf shatter inc.

Answer 53

unit usually used for horse rations, gross energy-fecal energy, expressed in Mcals/kg, energy needed for maintenance, work, repro ect.

Answer 54

major source of starch, seeds with outer coating, fiber, protein and energy content varies

Answer 55

highest energy grain fed to horses, lowest in protein, starch less digestible than that of oats,incomplete digestion in the SI, feeds microbes and may lead to lactic acid build-up, can be processed

Answer 56

most popular grain for horses, kernel is soft and easy to chew, moderate energy, high protein, starch is very digestible

Answer 57

less popular feed than oats or corn, harder consistency than oats, intermediate to oats and corn for energy, protein, fiber and starch digestibility

Answer 58

hard, round kernel, requires processing for horses, high energy, low fiber and protein, feed value and palatability varies with type (yellow or red better than brown)

Answer 59

between forage and concentrates in feed characteristics, by-product from sugar manufacturing, low starch and highly digestible fiber, expensive

Answer 60

highest energy feed used for horses, good source of fatty acids, does not cause starch overload, good choice for athletes, should be introduced gradually

Answer 61

used to supplement protein in forage portion of the diet, usually mixed with other energy feeds, relatively expensive way to increase protein

Answer 62

commonly used protein source, hard legume, usually ground into meal for horses, 50% CP, excellent source of lysine, relatively high DE

Answer 63

light-trail ridding, pleasure, equitation moderate-draft, ranch, rodeo timed events, jumping intense-racing and training, polo, eventing, endurance

Answer 64

higher energy requirement than maintenance, still need to consume at least 1% BW (50% of diet) in forage, oil can be added to increase energy, 10% protein requirement

Answer 65

need to aim for moderate growth to avoid developmental orthopedic diseases, provide adequate minerals, many young horses experience a post-weaning slump followed by a catch-up period, feed around .5-1.5 lb per month of age

Answer 66

requires pricing by 100 wt for concentrates, hay priced by the ton, effective approach for feeding groups of horses

Answer 67

more difficult to specify a ration, supplement when necessary

Answer 68

if you own more than 10 acres and actively involved in forestry or agriculture, you must have an ag water quality plan, if you have livestock/crops you must have a nutrient management plan

Answer 69

causes stress, cuts intake, increase diseases in a herd, costs a lot of money

Answer 70

2 or more pastures are alternately rested and grazed in a planned sequence

Answer 71

trees, shrubs and grasses adjacent to streams, lakes, ponds ect

Answer 72

traps sediment, maintains stream banks, reduces flood damage, flood water storage, ground water recharge, providing wildlife habitat, filtering contaminants from runoff, water temp regulation

Exam 1 Flashcards

(96 cards)