Exam 1 Flashcards by Jessica Villatoro

Inbound

number of people who arrive to or visit a specific country or geographic area

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Outbound

number of people leaving a specific country or geographic area for another geographic area

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Domestic Tourism

within a country

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International Tourism

to and from another country

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o Reason for travel in pre-industrial times

trade

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made travel easier

currency system

spread of a common language

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5 destination mix elements

attractions
facilities
infrastructure
transportation
hospitality

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attractions

 Central or key component of tourism
 “Draw” or attract tourists/visitors
 Two key ideas
• Universal attributes (e.g., climate and natural scenery)
• Unique attributes of a destination
 Tendency to be developed first and induce growth

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facilities

	Necessary to provide services for visitors
	Typically support, not induce growth
	Balance
•	Lodging
•	Broad range
•	Quantity and quality
•	Consider visitor characteristics and needs
	Food and beverage
•	Typically biggest trip expenditure
•	Indigenous/locally grown products
	Support industries
•	Retail (souvenirs and other goods), laundry, visitor guides, recreation areas
•	Determined by visitor needs, as with lodging, etc.
•	Can increase length of stay
•	Balance in development
o	Zoning (e.g., type and signage)
o	Leasing

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4 characteristics of attractions

scope
ownership
permanency
drawing power

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scope

 Primary destination
• Main motivation or reason for traveling
• Longer stays
 Secondary/stopover destination
• Shorter span
• Place of interest on way to primary destination

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ownership

 Government
• Owns 85% outdoor recreation land in the U.S.
• Tourism may or may not be a primary use….why?
 Nonprofit
• Preservation of attractions/resources/culture/traditions
• Too much commercialization tends to detract from appeal
 Private
• Profit
• Short term profit might not allow long term success

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permanency

 Site attraction
• Duration is longer term
• Mostly permanent (e.g., Space Center Houston)
 Event attraction
• Duration is shorter
• Location can change (e.g., concerts)
• Less $$ to develop compared to site attractions

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drawing power

	Distance
•	Local
•	Statewide
•	Regionally
•	Nationally
•	Internationally
	Knowing the draw has implications for marketing 
	Drawing power is a result of the destination and its characteristics

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• Characteristics that attract tourists to a destination

natural resources, climate,
culture,
historical resources, ethnicity,
accessibility

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natural resources

 Landscape and scenery
• Human imprint can degrade or negatively impact the resource
• Differentiation (e.g., national park, heritage/historical site)
• Two important points about natural resources:
o Visitors view there is no cost
o Variety of scenery can be important to visitors

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climate

 Commonly marketed
 Climate and natural resources are important for recreational/leisure activities
• Variety is important
• Something you do not have at home

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culture

 A way of life – differentiates places
• Provides excitement
• Reason to see it
• “Today’s way of life is tomorrow’s culture” (p. 20)
 Staged authenticity (MacCannell, 1999)
• Behind the scenes tours
• Replication of events, clothing, etc (e.g., battle re-enactments, Scottish Highland Games)
• Do not experience real life of destination

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historical resources

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 War (e.g., battlefields, monuments)
 Religion (e.g., cathedrals)
 Habitation (e.g., homes and/or birthplaces of significant historical figures)
 Government (e.g., capital cities, city halls, legislative houses)

ethnicity

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 America is a melting pot

• “homeland” can draw people back

accessibility

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 In terms of:
• Large population bases (origin)
• Cost
• Lack of accessibility or difficulty getting to a destination
o Remember “mass follows class”
 Patterns:
• Scenery, climate, price important (general)
• Type of and experience at destination (specific)

four reasons events might be developed

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o Money
o Celebrate holidays, seasons, historic events
o Cultural/educational experiences
o Unity/community pride

• Types of infrastructure required for the tourism system

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o	Water
o	Power
o	Communication
o	Sewage
o	Roads/parking
o	Health care
o	Security

four elements of transportation

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modes
the way
terminals
technology

four modes of transportation

road sea air rail

five ways to make transportation more interesting

* Close views of scenery * Elevation change * Viewpoints/overlooks * Design roads to fit contour of land * Thin vegetation to provide views of scenery

elements of competitiveness

 Increase number of visitors and spending  Satisfaction of visitors  Preserve quality of life for locals

o How you might compare yourself to another destination

 Destination Attractiveness  Destination Management  Destination Organization and Strategic Alliances  Destination Management Information Systems

o Why you would benchmark and what things you might benchmark

 Specific destination compared to leaders and/or competitive set  Internal (year over year)  External (superior destination’s performance)  Generic (international standards)

• Three “raw materials” that can be used to help a developing destination

o Scenery o History o Culture

• Why tourism is an “invisible export”

o Destination is the exporter o Leisure travel demand dependent on non-economic factors (e.g., natural disasters, politics), as well as elasticity in price and income o Manipulate exchange rates to attract visitors o Special packages o Directly and indirectly affects many sectors o Non-monetary benefits and costs (social, cultural, environmental) o Not a “smokestack” like manufacturing

• Three economic impacts of tourism

o Foreign exchange o Income o Employment

leakage

o when goods and services must be brought into the destination from somewhere else

Sources of leakage:

 Purchase goods/services from somewhere else  Import products to build infrastructure (hotels)  Factors of production (commissions to travel agents)  Promotion/PR (overseas office)  Transfer pricing (multinational company)  Reduced taxes as incentives

o Direct impact

visitors spend their money at hotels, restaurants, etc

o Indirect impact

businesses purchase products, pay employees, etc

o Induced impact

employees pay rent, buy groceries, etc

• The tourism multiplier

o The multiplier depends on money spent by visitors/tourists being re-spent within the destination

• Tourism policy

o Guide or framework for tourism development, management, etc

• Reasons government is involved in tourism

political enviromental economic

• Areas of government involvement in tourism

``` o Coordination o Setting Policy and Planning o Legislation and Regulation o Infrastructure Development o Operations o Stimulation and Control o Marketing and Research o Training and Education ```

• Identify types of tourism regulation.

o Functional o Sector o Horizontal o Specific

• Reasons for tourism planning

``` o Impacts o Competition o Complicated phenomenon o Damage to cultural and natural resources o Affects all members of a community ```

Butler’s Lifecycle.

``` o Exploration o Involvement o Development o Consolidation o Stagnation o Decline o Rejuvenation ```

• Barriers to tourism planning

o Already have tourism without a formal plan o Cost o Complexity of tourism, including too many organizations being involved o Diverse businesses involved o Seasonality o Turnover

• Purposes for tourism planning

o Identify alternatives o Adapt o Uniqueness o Desirability

tourism planning process

``` o Background analysis o Research and analysis vision set goals development implementation and monitoring evaluation ```

Exam 1 Flashcards

(47 cards)