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Logic > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Antecedent

A

The statement following the “if” in a conditional

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2
Q

Argument

A

A group of statements of which one (the conclusion) is claimed to follow from the others (premises)

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3
Q

Cogent (Inductive)

A

An inductive argument is cogent when the argument is strong and the premises are true

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4
Q

Conclusion

A

The statement that is claimed to follow from the premises of an argument

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5
Q

Conditional

A

An “if”, “then” statement

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6
Q

Consequent

A

The statement following the “then”

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7
Q

Deductive

A

An argument in which it is claimed that the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises. In other words, it is claimed that under the assumption that the premises are true it is impossible for the conclusion to be false.

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8
Q

Disjunct

A

Each of the propositions in a disjunction

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9
Q

Disjunction

A

A compound statement that has two distinct statements (called disjuncts). An “or” statement.

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10
Q

Enthymeme

A

Arguments with missing premises, conclusions, or both.

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11
Q

Inductive

A

Argument in which it is claimed that the premises make the conclusion more likely. It is claimed that under the assumption that the premises are true, it is improbable for the conclusion to be false

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12
Q

Inference

A

The reasoning process that is expressed by an argument. We draw the lines of inference between the premises and the conclusion using arrows.

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13
Q

Invalid (Deductive)

A

An argument in which, assuming the premises are true, it is possible for the conclusion to be false. In other words, the conclusion does not follow necessarily from the premises

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14
Q

Logic

A

The study of reasoning

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15
Q

Necessary Condition

A

When one thing is essential, mandatory, or required in order for another thing to be realized. For example, “Oxygen is a necessary condition for combustion”.

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16
Q

Not Cogent (Inductive)

A

If strong and premises are true, we say cogent. If not, we say not cogent.

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17
Q

Not Sound (Deductive)

A

If a deductive argument is invalid, or if at least one of the premises is false, then the argument is unsound.

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18
Q

Premise

A

The information intended to provide support for the conclusion

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19
Q

Principle of Charity

A

We should choose the reconstructed argument that gives the benefit of the doubt to the person presenting the argument. We choose the version of the argument that is most effective or accurate.

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20
Q

Proposition

A

The information content imparted by a statement, or, simply put, its meaning. The meaning of a statement.

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21
Q

Rhetorical Question

A

When a statement is presented in the form of a question. Hot enough for ya? (i.e. wow it is really hot)

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22
Q

Sound (Deductive)

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A

When logical analysis shows that a deductive argument is valid, and when truth value analysis of the premises shows that they are all true, then the argument is sound. Argument valid and premises true –> sound

23
Q

Statement

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A

A sentence that is either true or false

24
Q

Strong (Inductive)

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A

An argument such that if the premises are assumed to be true, then the conclusion is probably true. In other words, if the premises are assumed to be true, then it is improbable that the conclusion is false.

25
Sufficient Condition
Whenever one event ensures that another event will happen. For example, “Being born in the US is sufficient for being a US citizen."
26
Valid (Deductive)
An argument in which, assuming the premises are true, it is impossible for the conclusion to be false. In other words, the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.
27
Weak (Inductive)
An argument such that if the premises are assumed to be true, then the conclusion is not probably true.
28
Formal Fallacies
Logical error that occur in the form or structure of an argument. Restricted to deductive arguments.
29
Informal Fallacies
Mistakes in reasoning that occur in ordinary language
30
Ad hominem
A claim is rejected based on alleged character flaws of the person making the claim. Attacking the person instead of attacking the argument.
31
Tu quoque
A type of ad hominem in which an individual is charged with being a hypocrite.
32
Appeal to Emotion:
Fallacy in which one substitutes an emotional appeal for a reasoned argument
33
Appeal to Force (Ad baculum)
Threat of harmful consequences used to force acceptance of a course of action that would otherwise be unaccepted
34
Appeal to Ignorance
An argument that uses ignorance as a premise. Generally by arguing that a proposition is true because it hasn’t been proven false; or false because it hasn’t been proven true.
35
Missing the Point
When premises that seem to lead logically to one conclusion are used instead to support an unexpected conclusion.
36
Appeal to an Unqualified Authority
An argument that relies on the opinions of people who have no expertise, training, or knowledge relevant to the issue at hand.
37
Begging the Question (Circular Argument)
An argument that states or assumes the conclusion in one of the premises.
38
Complex or Loaded Question
A single question that contains multiple, hidden parts. One cannot respond to the question without implicitly endorsing the assumptions built into that question.
39
Biased Sample/Hasty Generalization
A generalization that is drawn on the basis of limited examples or data.
40
Accident
When a generalization is inappropriately applied to the case at hand. A failure to recognize obvious exceptions to a rule or generalization.
41
Misleading Precision
A claim that appears to be statistically significant, but is not. Common in advertising that involves statistics or percentages.
42
False Dilemma/False Dichotomy
A fallacy in which it is assumed that only two options are available, when in fact many others exist.
43
Coincidence
Mistaking an accidental or chance connection between two events for a causal relation.
44
Post hoc
Assuming a causal relation between two events because one event follows another event.
45
Common Cause Fallacy
Fallacy that occurs when one thinks that one event causes another even, when in fact both are the result of some third event.
46
Slippery Slope Fallacy
A fallacy in which change in one direction is assumed to lead to further disastrous change in the same direction
47
Equivocation
The intentional or unintentional use of different meanings of words and phrases in an argument. When one uses words or phrases that have more than one denotation and you shift among those different denotations over the course of an argument.
48
Amphiboly
Ambiguity that arises from poor grammatical constructions
49
Composition
A fallacy in which a conclusion is mistakenly drawn about a whole based on attributes of the parts.
50
Division
A fallacy in which a conclusion is mistakenly drawn about the parts based on attributes of the whole
51
Accent (Emphasis)
A fallacy in which one changes the meaning of a passage by emphasizing particular words and deemphasizing others. One does this in print by playing with font and font sizes.
52
Education
Taking a quotation out of its original context to change the meaning
53
Straw Man
A fallacy in which one intentionally misrepresents an opponent’s position, generally by assuming that they adopt the most extreme view possible.
54
Red Herring
A fallacy in which someone introduces an unrelated element into the discussion to distract from the issue at hand.

Logic (2 decks)

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