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Cell Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which stem cell is able to differentiate into all cell types of the body except for supporting cell types?

A

Pluripotent stem cells - found in early embroys

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2
Q

Describe plasticity

A

The ability to differentiate into many specialized cells

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3
Q

Name the 4 types of stem cells

A

Totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, unipotent

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4
Q

Which stem cell can give rise to a small number of different cell types?

A

Multipotent cells

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5
Q

What are the main types of multipotent stem cells?

A

Skin, epithelial, neural, hematopoietic, mesenchymal

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6
Q

Where are mesenchymal stem cells located and what type of stem cell are they?

A

Located in: bone marrow, nervous system, adipose tissue, skin, muscle
Type of stem cell: Multipotent

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7
Q

What will lead to cancer after dysregulation?

A

Asymmetric cell division

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8
Q

How does asymmetric cell division differ from symmetric cell division?

A

Asymmetric results in 1 stem cell + 1 differentiated cell

Symmetric results in 2 stem cells or 2 differentiated cells

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9
Q

Stem cell division leads to what kind of cell?

A

Daughter cell

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10
Q

What is the microenvironment that controls stem cell renewal?

A

Stem cell niche

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11
Q

Stem cells directly contacting the ECM are preserved by what process?

A

Extrinsic Signaling

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12
Q

Stem cells outside of direct contact will differentiate by what process?

A

Extrinsic Signaling

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13
Q

What is the process called that reprograms adult cells into pluripotent stem cells via gene encoding?

A

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS)

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14
Q

What substance joins actin bundles between cells?

A

Adherens

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15
Q

What are the 3 binding domains of laminin?

A

Cell, Collagen, Proteoglycans

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16
Q

Which type of junction prevents leakage between cells?

A

Tight juntions

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17
Q

What is a GAG and where are they found?

A

Repeating disaccharides of acidic sugar & amino sugar; highly negative
Found in the ground substance

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18
Q

Which type of protein can be described as ‘rubber-like’?

A

Elastin

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19
Q

What anchors filaments to the basement membrane (basal lamina)

A

hemidesmosomes

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20
Q

What anchors filaments between cells?

A

desmosomes

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21
Q

What leads to improper functioning of the immune system?

A

Too little cell adhesion

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22
Q

Too little cell adhesion means that

A

the immune system functions improperly

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23
Q

How can we describe a phospholipid head?

A

hydrophilic

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24
Q

How can we describe a transmembrane protein?

A

Amphipathic (hydrophilic out, hydrophobic in)

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25
What do we call a molecule that contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts?
Amphipathic (e.g. cholesterol)
26
What are cholesterol-rich microdomains that appear to be floating in fluid?
Lipid rafts
27
What are the functions of lipid rafts?
cholesterol transport, endocytosis, signal transduction
28
What are calveolae?
A type of lipid raft containing the protein calveolin
29
What is the composition of the fluid mosaic model?
Phospholipids & proteins
30
What type of motions can a phospholipid membrane make?
Lateral, rotation, flexion
31
What is highly concentrated in the myelin sheath of cells? This substance is also present in all animal cell plasma membranes.
Sphingomyelin
32
What is the composition of a phospholipid?
Fatty acids (hydrophilic) and a variable polar head group (hydrophobic)
33
What are the three phospholipids with nitrogen?
(Phosphatidyl)Choline, serine, ethanolamine
34
Which phospholipids lack nitrogen?
Glycerol, Inositol
35
Which protein doesn't extend through the lipid bilayer?
Lipid-anchored proteins
36
What are the two types of cytosol of actin-binding proteins?
Gel- firm/more solid, longer F-actin | Sol - soluble/more liquid, depolymerized F-actin
37
What is a linear chain of heterodimers called?
Protofilaments (part of the structure of microtubules)
38
What contains a GTP cap?
Heterodimers | GTP cap = where new dimers are added
39
What is required for movement of chromosomes during division?
Microtubules
40
Microtubules are regulated by...?
centrosomes
41
The synthesis of ___ requires GTP
microtubules
42
Microtubules are required for what kind of transport?
Intercellular
43
What type of intermediate fiber is found in neurons?
Type IV
44
What intermediate filament structure does not require energy?
Tetramers
45
How many tetramers make up 1 intermediate filament?
8 tetramers
46
When G-actin monomers are added to the + end at the same rate as other G-actin is removed from the - end, that is called...
treadmilling
47
Treadmilling is the steady state of what type of microfilament synthesis?
F-actin
48
How many types of actin are found in non-muscle cells
2
49
What are the functions/nuclear functions of actin in non-muscle cells?
contraction & polymerization | nuclear: structure & gene transcription
50
What are the three roles of actin contraction in non-muscle cells?
cell movement cell division structural support
51
What prevents polymerization by binding G-actin monomers?
Profilin
52
What structure is the "Fed Ex" of the cell?
Golgi Complex
53
What is made in the golgi complex?
lysosomes
54
What are the three areas of the golgi complex?
Cis - faces RER, accepts protein Medial - adds carbs, lipids, etc here Trans - closest to plasma membrane, sorts/packages protein into vesicles
55
What part of the golgi complex sorts/packages protein into vesicles?
Trans
56
Within the lysosome, what is used to digest proteins, carbs, & lipids?
Acid Hydrolase
57
What is the difference between TEM/SEM magnification?
``` TEM = flat image, interior of cell SEM = 3D image, exterior of cell ```
58
True or False: Prokaryotes do not contain mitochondria.
True
59
True or False: Membrane-bound organelles are found in both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
False
60
What causes the death and breakdown of a host cell (lysis)?
Viral replication
61
Lysis can be broken down into 5 steps:
``` Attachment Entry Synthesis Assembly Release ```
62
When does a virus shed its capsid?
Once the virus is inside the host
63
What is a capsid?
Protein coat of a virus
64
Where are peptidoglyans located on bacteria?
The cell walls
65
What are the two types of peptidoglyans?
Gram (+) and Gram (-)
66
The thick, 'purple' cell walls on bacteria are...?
Gram (+)
67
The thin, 'red' cell walls on bacteria are...
Gram (-)
68
How is the viral envelope different from the capsid?
Viral envelope is acquired from the host cell during replication; the capsid is the protein coat of a virion
69
What is chemically modified during transport?
An active process called group translocation
70
What is acquired from the host cell during replication?
Viral envelope
71
What is the extracellular state of a virus called?
Virion
72
What is the function of the virion capsid?
Provides protection & means of attachment
73
In addition to a capsid, a virion can also have a...
phospholipid envelope which encloses the capsid/nucleocapsid
74
When is the intracellular state of a virus revealed?
Once the virus is inside of the host cell
75
Give two examples of where proteoglycans can be found
synovial fluid & mucous
76
When does microtubule disassembly occur?
When dimer addition slows & GTP cap is lost
77
What does the loss of the GTP cap prevent?
Prevents new dimers from binding (in microtubules); "banana peel effect"
78
What are the three steps of F-actin microfilament synthesis
Lag Polymerization Steady state ---> treadmilling

Cell Physiology (2 decks)

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